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Hòutǔ (Chinese: 后土; lit. 'Queen of the Earth') or Hòutǔshén (后土神; 'Goddess Queen of the Earth'), also known as Hòutǔ Niángniáng (in Chinese either 厚土娘娘; 'Deep Earth Lady' or 后土娘娘; 'Earth Queen Lady'), otherwise called Dimǔ (地母; 'Mother Earth') or Dimǔ Niángniáng (地母娘娘; 'Lady Mother Earth'), is the deity of all land and earth in Chinese religion and mythology.[1] Houtu is the overlord of all the Tudigongs ("Lord of Local Land"), Sheji ("the State"), Shan Shen ("God of Mountains"), City Gods ("God of Local City"), and landlord gods worldwide.
| Houtu | |||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||
| Chinese | 后土 | ||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | Queen of the Earth | ||||||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||||
| Kanji | 后土 | ||||||||||||
| Kana | こうど | ||||||||||||
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In Taoism, Houtu is one of the Four Heavenly Ministers, which are four of the highest-ranking gods in Taoism.
Role
editHoutu was originally the god of all land and earth in early Chinese mythology, before being absorbed into Taoism as one of the Four Heavenly Ministers.
In early mythology
editAccording to early Chinese classics Zuo Zhuan (late 4th century BC), Book of Rites and Classic of Mountains and Seas, Houtu is the son of Gonggong, being able to control the flood by installing mountains of Earth.[2][3][4] She is also the assistant god to one of the Great Five Emperors, the Huang Di, being the god of the Earth element in the Wuxing system.[5][6]
In early myths Gonggong also was related to the first Tudigong, his son Gou Long who was appointed as a god of the soil by Zhuanxu.[7]
In Taoism
editIn Taoism, Houtu is one of the Four Heavenly Ministers, along with Jade Emperor, Gouchen Emperor and Ziwei Emperor. In some Taoist scripts, another two gods, Changsheng Emperor and Qinghua Emperor (青华大帝), are added to constitute "Six Heavenly Ministers" (六御). The Daochang of Houtu is at Mount Jiuhua.[8]
Due to the belief that Tian (sky) represents yang and Di (earth) represents yin, most people believe Houtu is a female deity.
In Buddhism
editSome scholars link Houtu to the Buddhist goddess Bhumi, which is the personification of Earth.[9]
Worship
editHoutu was first worshipped by Emperor Wen of Han (in Fenyin County, modern-day Wanrong County, Shanxi)[10] and by Emperor Wu of Han in 113 BC.[11]
Yellow River Map
editHoutu is featured in some versions of the myth of the Great Flood of China: Yu did not do such a great job of channeling the Yellow River into the sea, dredging the wrong way. Sacred Mother Houtu then made the Yellow River Map and sent one of her divine messenger birds to tell Yu what to do; specifically, that he should open a channel to the east, to allow the right drainage.[12]
Gallery
edit
See also
edit- Chinese spiritual world concepts
- Huangtian Dadi (皇天大帝)
- Huangtian Shangdi (皇天上帝)
- Sheji (社稷)
- Tian (天) and Di (地)
- Tu Di Gong (土地公)
Notes
edit- ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2005, p. 135
- ^ 昭公二十九年 [Year 29 of Duke Zhao]. 左傳 [Zuo Zhuan]. 共工氏有子曰句龙，为后土。 [Gonggong had a heroic son whose name was Houtu.]
- ^ 祭法 [Law of Sacrifices]. 礼记 [Book of Rites]. 共工氏之霸九州也，其子曰后土，能平九土，故祀以为社。 [Houtu, a son of Gonggong who swayed all nine provinces, was able to calm all the land and was sacrificed to as a god of the soil.]
- ^ 海内经 [History of the world]. 山海经 [Classic of Mountains and Seas]. 共工生后土，后土生噎鸣，噎鸣生岁十有二。
- ^ 月令 [Proceedings of Government in the Different Months]. 礼记 [Book of Rites]. 中央土，其帝黄帝，其神后土。此黄精之君，土官之臣。后土，亦颛顼氏之子，曰犁，兼为土官。
- ^ 天文训 [Patterns of Heaven]. 淮南子 [Huainanzi]. 中央，土也，其帝黄帝，其佐后土，执绳而制四方。其神为镇星，其兽黄龙，其音宫，其日戊己。
- ^ Theobald, Ulrich. "Sheshen 社神, Local Deities (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de. Retrieved 2023-04-01.
- ^ 张, 持真. 忏法大观 - 维基文库，自由的图书馆 (in Simplified Chinese). Wikisource.
- ^ Shaw, Miranda Eberle (2006). Buddhist Goddesses of India. Princeton University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-691-12758-3.
- ^ 中国文化科目认证指南. 华语教学出版社. Sinolingua. 2010. p. 63. ISBN 978-7-80200-985-1.
- ^ "Hou Tu - MSN Encarta". MSN Encarta. MSN. Archived from the original on 29 August 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
- ^ Yang, An & Anderson Turner 2005, p. 137
References
edit- Yang, Lihui; An, Deming; Anderson Turner, Jessica (2005). Handbook of Chinese Mythology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533263-6.
Further reading
edit- Morgan, Carole (1996). "Traces of Houtu's Cult in Hong Kong" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch. 36: 223–225. ISSN 1991-7295.