The Hohensalzburg head is a Celtic marble head which was spolia in Hohensalzburg Fortress, Salzburg in Austria until 1956. The head is tentatively dated to the 1st century AD.
Discovery
editThe head was first known as spolia, built into the wall above the Rosspforte (lit., "horse gate") of Hohensalzburg Fortress. It was known here as the Romerkopf (lit., "Roman head"). It was removed in 1956 during repairs and put on display in another room of the castle.[1][2] The head is currently in the collection of Salzburg Museum.[3]
Description
editThe head is carved from local Untersberg marble. The total height of the block is around 50 cm and the height of the head is 17 cm.[1] The pedestal-like lower part of the stone suggests that this head once surmounted a herm or pillar.[2]
The head is male and life-sized. The cheeks are hollow. The nose, which comes down from the brows, is wedge-shaped except for two flared nostrils. The chin is rounded and broad. The eyes are protruding and oval, with pupils indented. The mouth is peculiarly twisted, like a circumflex. In place of hair, crowning the head, are deep, vertical ridges in a wave-like pattern.[2][4]: 232
Interpretation
edit
Several features identify this head as Celtic: the oval eyes, wedge nose, and hollow cheeks.[2] In the circumflex mouth and almost flat chin, the Hohensalzburg head can be compared to the Janus head from Roquepertuse.[4]: 231 The wave-like pattern on the head has been interpreted by T. G. E. Powell as hair, and likened to the much more detailed pattern on one head from Entremont.[4]: 231–232 Kurt Willvonseder interprets this pattern as a knit cap and compares it to a figure on the Gundestrup cauldron.[2]
One question with regards to the Hohensalzburg head is its relationship to the 16 BC Roman occupation of Austria (called Noricum by the Romans).[2] Celtic art survived this occupation, so no stylistic features exclude a date after its commencement.[1] Willvonseder suggests that the dot-like pupils were not a feature of Celtic art before the Roman occupation;[2] however Vincent Megaw has pointed out these are in fact a very archaic feature, featuring on such early La Tène artefacts as the Dürrnberg beaked jug.[1] The analogues to the wave-like hair pattern, the head from Entremont and the Gundestrup cauldron, both predate this occupation. However, Celtic art this early rarely renders the nose with such detail.[1] Willvonseder favours a date after 16 BC,[2] and Megaw conjecturally dates the stone to the 1st century AD.[1]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e f Megaw, J. V. S. (1970). "227. Hohensalzburg, Salzburg. Stone head.". Art of the European Iron Age: A Study of the Elusive Image. Bath: Adams & Dart. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-239-00019-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Willvonseder, Kurt. (1960). "A Sculpture from Salzburg". Archaeology. 13 (4): 251–52. JSTOR 41663805.
- ^ Piggott, Stuart (1970). "70. Stone head (replica)". Early Celtic Art. The Arts Council of Great Britain. p. 15.
- ^ a b c Powell, T. G. E. (1966). Prehistoric Art. Oxford University Press.
Further reading
edit- Willvonseder, K. "Eine Kopfplastik keltischer Art aus Salzburg" in Studien aus Alteuropa II. Supplement to Bonner Jahrbücher 10 (1965), pp. 129-134.