Gim (Korean: 김), also romanized as kim,[1] is a generic term for a group of edible seaweeds dried to be used as an ingredient in Korean cuisine, consisting of various species in the genera Pyropia and Porphyra, including P. tenera, P. yezoensis, P. suborbiculata, P. pseudolinearis, P. dentata, and P. seriata.[2]
 Gim sheets | |
| Alternative names | Kim, laver, Korean laver |
|---|---|
| Type | Edible seaweed |
| Place of origin | Korea |
| Region or state | East Asia |
| Associated cuisine | Korean cuisine |
| Main ingredients | Red algae |
| Similar dishes | Nori |
| Korean name | |
| Hangul | 김 |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization | gim |
| McCune–Reischauer | kim |
| IPA | [kim] |
Along with wakame and sweet kelp, gim is one of the most widely cultivated and consumed types of seaweed in Korea.[3] The dried sheets of gim are often rolled to wrap and be eaten with rice. Gimbap is a dish in which gim is not only rolled with rice, but also meat, fish, or vegetables. Gim also can be eaten without rice by roasting with sesame oil or frying and cutting it to make side dishes (banchan) such as bugak.[3][4]
History
edit
The earliest mention of edible seaweed in Korea is recorded in the Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms (1280s); this text, created during the Goryeo era, documents the history of the Three Kingdoms period of Korean history between 57 BCE and 668 CE.[5] The book contains passages that say the Silla dynasty would use gim for part of their dowries. It is conjectured that the gim of this period was harvested from rocks and driftwood rather than being cultivated.[6]
Gim was later mentioned numerous times in the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Throughout the record, gim is referred as 海衣, meaning sea cloth or sheet.[7]
In the record, the geographical survey conducted during the regime of the King Sejong the Great described gim as the representative product of Chungcheong, Gyeongsang, and Jeolla provinces.[8][9][10] The record showed how King Seonjo was urged to sooth the hardship of the country's eastern coastal people who were required to produce and submit gim as a royal offering.[11] The record also told the story of how King Hyojong suspended the royal submission of gim upon hearing that a single piece of gim costed 20 pieces of cottons.[12] According to the record, people strictly had to submit gim as a royal offering by a specific size. This led many people to glue a piece of gim on a frame using saliva or other means to fit the size. King Jeongjo, citing that such practice was bad for hygiene, firmly warned the governors of the provinces to not enforce specific offering sizes for gim.[13]
Gim was also mentioned in non-royal literature.
The sheet of gim was described in Baekheonjip (Korean: 백헌집; Hanja: 白軒集), where the author Lee Kyung-suk (1595–1671) wrote the poem about receiving gim as a gift from his belated acquaintance and comparing its thinness to paper.[14][15]
In Seonghosaseol (Korean: 성호사설; Hanja: 星湖僿說), the encyclopedia written by the Joseon scholar Yi Ik who lived from 1681 to 1764, the author described that gim, reddish algae growing on the rocks of sea, was processed into a sheet.[16]
The method of seasoning seaweed with sesame oil was recorded in a cookbook in the 19th century of the Joseon dynasty, Siuijeonseo: "...spread sesame oil mixed with red pepper powder and sesame seeds. After that, sprinkle sesame seed or pine nut powder, then dry and roast it before serving".[17]
Cultivation
edit
Production of gim in Jeolla and Gyeongsang Provinces is reported in books from 15–16th century, including Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam|Revised and Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea (1530) and Gyeongsang-do Jiriji | Geography of Gyeongsang Province (1425). In these books, gim is mentioned as a regional delicacy.[18][19]
Gim cultivation is the oldest aquaculture in Korea and there are several stories from oral tradition about its origins.[20] One version tells the story of an old lady in Hadong, South Gyeongsang Province who discovered a log covered in gim floating down the Seomjin River. This inspired her to cultivate the gim on upright support poles made of bamboo.[20] Another legend says gim was named after Gim Yeoik (1606–1660)―the first person to have cultivated gim after seeing a drifting oak branch covered in it. Yeoik's story takes place on Taein Island which is located in the mouth of Seomjin River in Gwangyang, South Jeolla Province, during the reign of King Injo (1623–1649).[20] Gim cultivation continued to expand and spread throughout the southern coastlands of Korean Empire (1897‒1910).[20]
Early cultivation methods using bamboo or oak sticks were eventually replaced by newer methods that utilized nets,[20][21] developed in the 19th century by a fish harvester who was inspired by gim that grew naturally on fish fences installed in the tidal waters of Wando, South Jeolla Province. Floating rafts have been used for mass production since the 1920s.[20]
Production
edit
The production method of edible seaweed into sheets was introduced by Korea.
During the late Goryeo period, the poet Mok Eun-ik wrote a poem expressing his gratitude after receiving "haeui" (a type of paper-like seaweed) from the governor of Gangneung. According to the Mangi Yoram (萬機要覽), various seaweeds such as kim (海衣), miyeok (미역), bunkwak (분곽), dasima (다시마), and gamtae (감태) were historically presented as tribute. The presentation of such tributes often caused hardship for the people.
During an inspection in Gyeongsang Province, it was reported that the people were suffering greatly due to the obligation of providing haeui (as noted in the Seonjo Sillok on April 1, 1601).
Recognizing the people's distress, King Hyojong decreed, "The value of one sheet of tribute haeui is equivalent to 20 pieces of cotton cloth; thus, do not present it" (as recorded in the Hyojong Sillok on March 23, 1651).
King Jeongjo later issued an edict stating, "Among the items offered as tribute in the winter meals, haeui, fish roe, and flatfish are subjected to regulations on length and width and are fixed with glue or paste to meet the standards.
This results in untidy presentation and significant inconvenience; therefore, correct this problem" (as noted in the Jeongjo Sillok on November 27, 1793). In the Seongho Saseol (星湖僿說) under "Manmulmun" (萬物門), it is mentioned that "haeui" is a type of seaweed that grows on rocks in the sea and is red in color. It is harvested and cut into pieces resembling paper, suggesting that dried seaweed was distributed in a paper-like form.
In conclusion, Korea was handling the sheet from of Gim at least the early Joseon period around 1400, and the history of seaweed cultivation, which played a critical role in Korean food culture, predates other regions.
The sheet form of Gim in Japan was started in Asakusa, Edo (contemporary Tokyo), around 1750 in the Edo period influenced by the method of Japanese paper-making. The Asakusanori method of production gave rise to the itanori method that is currently used today in Japan and Korea, among other countries.[22][23][24][25]
Around 19,500 tonnes of dried gim are produced annually in South Korea.[26] Since naturally grown gim is insufficient to meet market demand, most of the gim produced for commercial markets is cultivated.[27] Pyropia is a widely cultivated species.
Many naturally growing Porphyra species, often clinging to rocks, are collected by hand: P. suborbiculata can be found along the coasts of the Sea of Japan, the Yellow Sea, and the South Sea; P. pseudolinearis is found along the coasts of the Sea of Japan; P. dentata along the coasts of Yellow Sea; and P. seriata grows in the South Sea area.[2]
Cultivation
edit
P. yezoensis is the most commonly cultivated species of gim, followed by P. tenera.[26] Wando, South Jeolla Province is the main production area for cultivated gim. Gim cultivation is traditional to the Southern parts Korean peninsula—the Honam, Yeongnam regions, and Jeju Island—as the algae only grow in the oceans around the southern part of Korean Peninsula.[27] However, due to increases in sea temperature, gim can now be cultivated further north and has spread to the Hoseo region in central South Korea.[27]
Gim produced during the winter in estuaries or the brackish water zone, with 1.024 ‰ salinity, is said to be the most delicious.[3][21] Seeding begins in autumn—between September and October—and multiple harvests can be taken from a single seeding throughout the winter months. The algae are known to grow well in sea water when temperatures are between 5 and 8 °C (41 and 46 °F). Gim that has been grown for 50 days is considered best for consumption, as the color and flavor are at their peak.[21]
Two main cultivation methods are used in contemporary gim farming: traditional "racks" method used for high quality gim that is similar to naturally grown laver, and the "floating rafts" method used for mass production.[27] Racks type gim, similar in quality to naturally occurring laver, is currently produced in some areas of Wando, Sinan, Gangjin, and Jangheung; however this type of gim is grown in fewer than 100 farms across the country. The number of farms that use the rack method has been declining due to high production costs, low cultivation yields, increasing water temperatures caused by global warming and aging fishing village populations.[27]
Racks
editRacks type cultivation starts with planting bamboo sticks in the seabed.[27] Nets, to which the laver seeds can stick, are tied to the bamboo posts.[27] Several nets may be connected together.[27] Seeds are planted on the nets in September, often helped by the process of installing nets in multiple layers to facilitate the clinging of the seeds to the net; the layers of nets are separated and re-installed once the seeds are well attached.[27] The nets are subsequently moved to a farming area.[27] The rack type nets installed at gim farms are submerged during high tide and exposed to the sun at low tide; this limited exposure to the sun allows for a certain amount of photosynthesis that's helps maintain the original flavor of the gim.[27] Farming gim using the rack technique is an eco-friendly cultivation method.[27]
Floating rafts
editGim cultivation with floating rafts is the most suitable for mass-production because it is less labor-intensive than rack cultivation. This method keeps the laver submerged in the water during both the high and low tides.[citation needed]
Nutrition
editGim is known to be abundant in protein, thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamins A, B6, and B12.[20] It is also known to have a high content of mineral salts, particularly iodine and iron, and essential amino acids.[21] It is considered a very healthy food.
Culinary uses
editWhen eaten as a banchan (side dish), dried sheets of gim are toasted with sesame oil or perilla oil, sprinkled with fine salt and cut into squares. It may also be deep-fried to make coated fritters called bugak.[20] For use in gimbap, the sheets are not toasted, but are instead used in their original dried state.[28]
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Fried gim twigim -
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Similar food
editThe red algae genera is also consumed in Japanese cuisine as nori (海苔), in Chinese cuisine as haitai (海苔) or zicai (紫菜), and in Wales and Ireland as laverbread.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Abbot, Isabella A. (1988). "Food and Food products from seaweeds". In Lembi, Carole A.; Waaland, J. Robert (eds.). Algae and Human Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-521-32115-0.
- ^ a b "홍조류" [Red algae]. Global World Encyclopedia (in Korean). Vol. 13. Beomhan. 2004. ISBN 89-8048-326-0 – via Wikisource.
- ^ a b c "gim" 김. Doopedia (in Korean). Doosan Corporation. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ^ "Gim". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
- ^ Iryeon (1281). Samguk yusa 삼국유사(三國遺事) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms] (in Literary Chinese). Goryeo Korea.
- ^ 재미있는 김 이야기. KBS 2TV (in Korean). 16 June 2010. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017 – via VitaminMD.
- ^ "해의(海衣)". Silok (Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty) Dictionary (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies.
- ^ "The Annals of Sejong Vol. 149". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History.
- ^ "The Annals of Sejong Vol. 150". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History.
- ^ "The Annals of Sejong Vol. 151". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History.
- ^ "The Annals of Seonjo Vol. 136". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History Original text: 東海一帶, 村落蕭條, 居民不念國事之大, 頗以孝敬殿海衣進上爲苦, 係是民情, 故惶恐敢啓 Translation: "Translation: The rural areas of the East Sea look gloom, yet the people severely feel hard submitting gim to Hyokyungjun shrine while the importance of national affairs are ignored. I sincerely beg you since this is also related to the living conditions of the people.".
- ^ "The Annals of Hyojong Vol. 3". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History Original text: 古語曰:...臣往南方時聞之, 御供海衣一貼, 價至木綿二十匹云矣. 上曰: 予亦聞之。 此後勿復封進. Translation: The minister said:...When I visited the southern areas, a single piece of gim for royal offering could cost up to 20 pieces of cottons. The highness said: I also have heard of it. Do not accept it as royal offering ever again.
- ^ "The Annals of Jeongjo Vol. 38". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History Original text: 曾聞朔膳貢獻物種之如海衣、魚卵、廣魚等種, 拘於長廣, 糊付涎塗。 不但事面之欠精, 其爲民弊, 想亦不些。 有隨所捉勿拘尺度封進之命, 而此等處, 不能每每致察。 意謂行之數年, 令已行矣, 近聞營邑之封進, 依舊爲弊。 今日適因海衣貢獻聞之, 比前差減, 塗付則一也。 令廟堂, 申加嚴飭兩南、關東. Translation: As I have heard earlier, the provincial offerings on the lunar new year, such as gim, fish, eggs, or flouders, are restricted by the chosen sizes and have to be glued or fixed with saliva for fitting the required sizes. Not only that such practice is poor in hygiene, it causes a lot of harms. There was the order to submit the offerings as the way they are captured without adjusting the sizes, but it is not always looked after. Although I believed the order to be in place by now as it already has been several years, I hear that the old malpractice remains in the offerings being sent from villages. As the offering of gim has arrived today, I have heard that it is same for the practice of gluing or using a saliva although less prevalent. Through the state council, strictly warn the regions of Yeongnam, Honam, and Gwandong.
- ^ Lee, Jongmuk. "김(이경석)". Encyclopedia of Korean Cuisine (in Korean). Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.
- ^ Baekhunjip (白軒集}). Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics. Original text: 薄似溪藤強綴形. Translation: It (Gim) is as thin as a paper, yet firm.
- ^ "Manmunmul (萬物門)". Seonghosaseol (星湖僿說}). Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics. Original text: 海衣者乃海中石上苔也色紫採者作片如紙恐亦是組也 Translation: There also is what called is gim, which is algae sprouting on sea rocks and has red color. These are harvested and made into sheets, which also is called jo (組).
- ^ 김자반. KOCCA (in Korean). 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 3 February 2021.
- ^ Yi, Haeng (1530) [1481]. Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam 신증동국여지승람(新增東國輿地勝覽) [Revised and Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea] (in Literary Chinese). Joseon Korea.
- ^ Ha, Yeon; Geum, Yu; Gim, Bin (1425). Gyeongsang-do Jiriji 경상도지리지(慶尙道地理志) [Geography of Gyeongsang Province] (in Korean). Joseon Korea.
- ^ a b c d e f g h 강, 제원. "gim" 김. Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Academy of Korean Studies.
- ^ a b c d "gim" 김. Encyclopædia Britannica (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ^ Miyashita, Akira (2003). 海苔 [Nori]. Hosei University Press. ISBN 978-4588211119.
- ^ Katada, Minoru (1989). 浅草海苔盛衰記 [Asakusa nori rise and fall]. Seizando-Shoten Publishing. ISBN 978-4425822515.
- ^ Shimbo, Hiroko (2001). The Japanese kitchen: 250 recipes in a traditional spirit. Harvard Common Press. p. 128. ISBN 1558321772.
Unlike wakame, kombu, and hijiki, which are sold in the form of individual leaves, nori is sold as a sheet made from small, soft, dark brown algae, which have been cultivated in bays and lagoons since the middle of the Edo Era (1600 to 1868). The technique of drying the collected algae on wooden frames was borrowed from famous Japanese paper-making industry.
- ^ "After 40-year no-show, famed Asakusa nori makes comeback". The Asahi Shimbun. January 6, 2005.
Inspired by Japanese paper-making, fishermen processed harvested seaweed into thin, square-shaped sheets.
- ^ a b "gim yangsik" 김양식. Doopedia (in Korean). Doosan Corporation. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Racks Laver (Gim)". Ark of Taste. Slow Food Foundation. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ^ "Gim(laver dried seaweed)". Korea Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
