Wikipedia

Foreign direct investment in Iran

Foreign direct investment in Iran (FDI) has been hindered by unfavorable or complex operating requirements and by international sanctions, although in the early 2000s the Iranian government liberalized investment regulations. Iran ranks 62nd in the World Economic Forum's 2011 analysis of the global competitiveness of 142 countries.[1][2] In 2010, Iran ranked sixth globally in attracting foreign investments.[3]

Iran's FDI stock (1980-2010).

Foreign investors have concentrated their activity in a few sectors of the economy: the oil and gas industries, vehicle manufacture, copper mining, petrochemicals, foods, and pharmaceuticals. Iran absorbed US$24.3 billion of foreign investment from 1993 to 2007 and US$34.6 billion for 485 projects from 1992 to 2009.[4][5]

Opening Iran's market place to foreign investment could also be a boon to competitive multinational firms operating in a variety of manufacturing and service sectors, worth $600 billion to $800 billion in new investment opportunities over the next decade.[6][7][8][9]

FDI statistics

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Countries

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See also: Foreign trade in Iran and Foreign trade relations of Iran by country

Firms from over 50 countries have invested in Iran in the past 16 years (1992–2008), with Asia and Europe receiving the largest share, as follows:[10]

Continent of origin Leading countries investing in Iran (1992–2008) Number of projects Total amount invested
Asia India (Chabahar Port), United Arab Emirates (UAE), Singapore, Indonesia and Oman 190 $11.6 billion
Europe Germany, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, UK, Turkey, Italy and France (20 countries in total) 253 $10.9 billion
Americas Canada, Panama, the US and Jamaica 7 $1.4 billion
Africa Mauritius, Liberia and South Africa — $8 billion
Australia Australia 1 $682 million

Sectors

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See also: Sectors of the Iranian economy

As of 2007, Asian entrepreneurs made the largest investments in the Islamic state by investing in 40 out of 80 projects funded by foreigners.[11][12] The largest amount of foreign investment was in the industrial sector, including food and beverage, tobacco, textiles, clothing, leather, chemical, steel and oil derivates. The figure exceeded US$8.76 billion. Water, electricity and gas sector ranked second, attracting $874.83 million. In the third place, the real estate sector absorbed more than $406 million. Investments in service, telecommunication, transportation and mines reached $193 million, $14.3 million and $14.2 million respectively. Asian countries invested $7.666 billion in various projects followed by several multinational consortia. Investments by these multinational companies exceeded $1.39 billion (in four projects). Although European entrepreneurs were involved in 34 projects, they invested only in the range of $1.2 billion in the Islamic Republic. American countries also committed $12.329 million in the country; while investments by African states registered close to $4 million.[11]

Amounts

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See also: Iran's banking foreign relations, International rankings of Iran in economy, and Value of the Iranian currency
 
Foreign direct investment in Iran, net inflow. Foreign investment plans in Iran amounted to $4.3 billion in 2011, showing an 11% growth year-over-year.[13]

Stock of FDI in Iran equaled $16.82 billion (at home) and $2.075 billion (abroad) according to The World Factbook statistics in 2010.[14]

According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), foreign direct investment (FDI) in Iran hit a new record in 2010 and surpassed 3.6 billion dollars despite sanctions imposed on the Islamic Republic.[15] The EIU estimates that Iran's net FDI flow will rise by 100 per cent within the next four years (2010–14).[16] The Economist estimates that FDI (net inflow) in Iran was $1.4 billion in 2011 (equivalent to 0.3% of GDP) down from $3.2 billion in 2010. The report forecasts this figure for 2012 to fall to $1.25 billion, but increase again for the next 3 years and to reach $1.8 billion in 2015.[17] The Government of Iran says planned FDI in 2011 was $4.3 billion and planned FDI will reach $8–10 billion in 2012–13.[13] However, UNCTAD later reported that FDI inflow in Iran was $3.05 billion in 2013, while Iran's FDI in other countries (i.e. outflow FDI) was $380 million.[18]

Bushehr Province and Khuzestan Province enjoy the highest volume of foreign investment which mostly goes for oil and gas sectors. In 2012, the provinces of Fars, Gilan, Tehran, Kerman, Mazandaran and West Azerbaijan ranked first to sixth place in attracting foreign investment in the country.[13]

According to the government of Iran, Iran needs up to $300 billion in foreign direct investment to meet the objectives of its Five-Year Economic Development Plan (2010–2015), and reach eight percent economic growth rate.[19] Turning to "Vision 2025", the plan has set an investment target of $3.7 trillion within two decades (2005–2025) of which $1.3 trillion should be in the form of foreign investment.[20]

Companies

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See also: List of companies of Iran and Iran International Exhibitions Company

The Organization for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran (OIETAI) is responsible for receiving and processing all foreign investment applications. OIETAI is also responsible for approving overseas Iranian investments. In other words, the organization is in charge of consolidating and implementing two-way foreign investment flows. According to Iranian President Rouhani cooperation with Iran is on the condition that foreign companies participate in joint investments, technology programs, and exporting from Iran.[21]

As at 2012, 400 foreign companies are directly investing in Iran.[22] Among developed nations, the most active investors have been Germans, Norwegian, British, French, Japanese, Russian, South Korean, Swedish, and Swiss companies. The Swedish Svedala Industri has played a major role in developing Iran's copper mines since the late 1990s while Tata Steel of India has been investing in the steel sector. The Kia, Nissan, Peugeot, and Renault of France auto companies have licensing agreements with Iranian auto manufacturers. Danone of France, Nestlé of Switzerland and Coca-Cola and PepsiCo of the United States have joint ventures with Iranian companies. TotalEnergies, Equinor, Shell, Gazprom, and LG of South Korea have been active in Iran's natural gas industry. Iran's constitution prohibits direct concession of petroleum rights to foreign investors. Alcatel of France, MTN Group of South Africa and Siemens of Germany gained major telecommunications contracts in 2004 and 2005, respectively.[23][24]

The international companies are drawn by what could become the largest market in the Middle East, with nearly 80 million people, a majority of whom are under 30, well-educated and tech-savvy, and by the country's energy potential. Iran has the fourth-largest proven oil reserves and second-largest proven gas reserves in the world.

Front men

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See also: Foreign agent

In 2015, The Economist and The Wall Street Journal reported that American companies (incl. Apple Inc. and Hewlett-Packard) are using local (Iranian) front men to seal deals in Iran. In the oil and banking business some "prime contracts" have already been signed while Iran is still under "international sanctions".[25][26] Boeing, Microsoft, Siemens, BP, Chevron, Gazprom, Eni, Samsung, Renault. Peugeot, GM are also returning to Iran.[27]

Economic profile

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See also: Economy of Iran, Iranian Economic Reform Plan, Demography of Iran, Education in Iran, Science and technology in Iran, and International rankings of Iran

Business environment

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See also: Iranian labor law, Taxation in Iran, Banking in Iran, Iran and WTO, Middle East economic integration, and Sanctions against Iran
 
US dollar/Iranian rial historical exchange rates (2000-2013)

According to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Iran ranked sixth globally in 2010 in attracting foreign investments.[3] According to the head of the Organisation for Investment, Economic and Technical Assistance of Iran (OIETAI), in 2008 Iran ranked 142 among 181 countries in terms of working conditions last year. Iran stands 96 in terms of business start, 165 in getting permits, 147 in employment, 147 in registering assets, 84 in getting credits, 164 in legal support for investments, 104 in tax payment, 142 in overseas trade, 56 in feasibility of contracts and 107 in bankruptcy.[28] Iran is a member of the World Bank's Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency.[29] Iran ranks 69th out of 139 in Global Competitiveness Report.[1] Iran has more than 50 signed-bilateral investment treaties with other countries.[30]

Natural resources

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See also: Industry of Iran, Energy in Iran, Petroleum industry in Iran, Mining in Iran, and Agriculture in Iran
 
Iran holds 10% of the world's proven oil reserves and 15% of its gas. It is OPEC's second largest exporter and the world's fourth oil producer.
 
Iran's industry and mining map

Iran is OPEC's second largest oil producer. It has approximately 9% of world oil reserves (some 94 billion barrels). It has the second largest reserves of natural gas in the world at some 812 trillion cubic feet. Iran is considered an energy superpower. Iran also possesses enormous mineral resources, including coal, copper, iron, zinc and gold. This has spawned a number of processing industries, particularly steel. Iran is already the third largest producer of copper in the world.

Competitive advantages

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See also: Labor force in Iran, Tax advantages & exemptions in Iran, Transport in Iran, and Communications in Iran

Iran has made the development of non-oil exports a priority. The country has the advantage of a broad domestic industrial base, technology an educated and motivated workforce, cheap labor and energy resources and geographical location, which gives it access to an estimated population of some 300 million people in Caspian markets, Persian Gulf states and countries further east.[31] Iran has the consumer potential of Turkey, the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia, the natural gas reserves of Russia, and the mineral reserves of Australia.[32] Iran's area roughly equals that of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined.[33] Iran has a diverse climate which makes it suitable for a wide range of agricultural products.[34]

Laws concerning foreign companies

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See also: Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Taxation of foreign companies in Iran, Intellectual property in Iran, and List of economic laws in Iran

Generally speaking, Iran has two types of laws concerning foreign companies. The first are laws that address issues concerning foreign companies directly such as the Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) and the second are general laws of which certain articles or by-laws address foreign companies, for instance the Taxation Law and the Labor Law. Iran's environment is protected by strict laws and the Department of the Environment is in charge of evaluating the impact of the projects and their monitoring.

General laws and regulations regarding foreign business in Iran could be regrouped under the following categories:[35]

  • Contract work - A foreign company is allowed to be involved in contractual work in Iran. Such work may be performed either directly by the foreign company or through a registered branch in Iran. Branch offices in Iran do not have the separate legal status enjoyed by LLCs, and the parent company is responsible for the actions of the branch office.[30] For legal and tax purposes, opening a representative office in Iran, by itself, is not considered foreign direct investment. Establishing and setting up a legal presence in the Iranian market requires a local advisor who can provide a step-by-step advisory service regarding incorporation, office rental, recruitment, staff, business contracts, customs, and the laws in general.[30] CMS Cameron McKenna is among the first major international law firms to open office in Iran.[36]
  • Direct sales - Most foreign companies are involved in direct sales to Iranian customers through letters of credit and, occasionally on the basis of Usance.
  • Investments - In accordance with the terms of the Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA), foreign companies may invest in newly established factories and industries. Foreign companies are allowed to own 100 per cent of the businesses.[37]

Investment by natural persons of foreign nationality

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See also: Iranian citizens abroad

In 2006, Iranian citizens abroad's net worth was $1.3 trillion.[38] In 2000, the Iran Press Service reported that Iranian expatriates had invested between $200 and $400 billion in the United States, Europe, and China, but almost nothing in Iran.[39] In Dubai, Iranian expatriates have invested an estimated $200 billion (2006).[40]

According to the Civil Code, foreign nationals will, subject to the existence of a treaty on reciprocity, enjoy the same rights and privileges of Iranians. The companies formed by such foreign nationals will be of Iranian nationality and subject to the same laws which regulate the activities of Iranian companies.

Foreign investment in the framework of the Commercial Code

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See also: Foreign branch office taxation in Iran and Foreign capital and privatization in Iran

The Iranian Commercial Code is divided into four parts:

  1. merchant and trade activities,
  2. trade companies,
  3. negotiable instruments,
  4. contracts and bankruptcy.

Foreign nationals can, in the framework of the Commercial Code and subject to the observance of the relevant procedures, form and register companies in Iran. Iran's Commercial Code does not differentiate between Iranian and foreign stock holders of Iranian companies. In other words, there is no restriction regarding the nationality of those who want to establish companies in Iran. In this context, foreign exchange restrictions are equally applied to Iranian and foreign investors. Such companies, however, do not enjoy the privileges set out in FIPPA (see below).

Company types

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See also: List of legal entity types by country § Iran

There are seven types of juridical entity or company which can be established under the Iranian Commercial Code as follows:[41]

  1. Joint-stock company may be either a public company (Sherkat Sahami Am) or a private company (Sherkat Sahami Khass)
  2. Limited liability company (LLC) (Sherkat ba Masouliyat Mahdoud)
  3. General partnership (Sherkat Tazamoni)
  4. Limited partnership (Sherkat Mokhtalet Gheyr Sahami)
  5. Joint stock partnership (Sherkat Mokhtalet Sahami)
  6. Proportional liability partnership (Sherkat Nesbi)
  7. Manufacturing / Consumer Co-operative (Sherkat Ta’avoni va Masraf)

From among all these different types, joint-stock company, in which the capital is divided by shares, is the most common and acceptable type of company which can be recommended to foreign investors.[42]

FIPPA

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See also: Government of Iran, Ministry of Economic Affairs and Finance (Iran), and Tehran Stock Exchange

Provisions of the 2002 Act entitled Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Act (FIPPA) include:[35]

  • Allowing foreign investment in all sectors opened to Iranian private companies.
  • A review of the definition of "Foreign Investor" to include Iranian expatriates provided that their investment capital originates from abroad.
  • Allowing repatriation of local sales related profits in addition to export-related profits in hard currency at the current official exchange rate.
  • Fair compensation in case of nationalization. If an act of the government disrupts the business activity, the government will be under obligation to make payments for any loan installments that are due on behalf of the project company.
  • FIPPA allows for international arbitration in legal disputes.[43] There are two major arbitral institutions in Iran: the Tehran Regional Arbitration Centre (TRAC) and the Arbitration Centre of the Tehran Commercial Chamber.
  • The establishment of a maximum 45-day period for the processing of individual foreign investment applications.

For the first time, project financing schemes such as buy back agreements and BOT projects (only under an operator status) are specifically covered under the foreign investment law.[44] Under the FIPPA, any foreign natural or legal person importing capital in Iran will enjoy the benefits and privileges of this law as long as:

  • The investment leads to economic growth, promotes technology, promotes quality of products, increases employment opportunities, increases exports and entering the international markets.
  • The investment does not jeopardize national security and public interests or harm the environment or interrupt national economy or disrupt products of domestic investments.
  • The investment does not involve the granting of any special rights resulting in a monopoly.
  • The value ratio of goods and services produced by aggregate of foreign investments does not exceed 25% in each economic sector and in each economic branch shall not exceed 35%. FIPPA will be applicable based on the nationality of the Foreign Capital as opposed to the investor. As long as the capital comes from foreign sources, any one importing it will be eligible for FIPPA protection including Iranians residing in Iran or abroad.

Starting in 2014, foreign investors, who establish production lines in Iran and export 30 percent of their products, will be entitled to tax exemptions (up to 50%).[45][46]

Potential approaches to the market

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See also: Foreign portfolio investment in Iran, Licensing and franchising in Iran, Venture capital in Iran, and Technology start-ups in Iran

First and foremost, it is crucial to realize that Iranian authorities insist on a long-term commitment and a transfer of technology as a requisite for getting a share in the market. Foreign companies are therefore advised to adopt a medium- to long-term strategy for the Iranian market. Iran will almost never honor the interests of a company that does not show long-term commitment. Tenders are strictly required for government contracts for purchasing or projects. These are rarely competitive. Breaking up contracts into smaller parts is a common practice to try to incorporate at least 30% of the contract's value in local capability and also to negotiate on specific prices.

Currently there are three main routes that a foreign company can follow to establish a long-term presence in Iran:

Joint ventures

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See also: FDI in Iran's automotive industry, FDI in Iran's construction industry, FDI in Iran's tourism industry, FDI in Iran's ICT, FDI in Iran's mining industry, FDI in Iran's agriculture, FDI in Iran's railways, FDI in Iran's power generation industry, and FDI in Iran's healthcare industry


One possible strategy is for the foreign company to enter into a joint-venture agreement with a public or private Iranian partner. The existing level of technology and infrastructure makes many Iranian companies suitable for expansion and development in conjunction with foreign companies. Many Iranian companies, especially those in the private sector, are currently actively seeking joint-venture partners both to fill their technological as well as management gaps. Others are looking for a revival of their company through foreign capital.

Should a company decide to adopt this approach to the market, it is advisable to look for products and services that have both domestic demand as well as regional export potential. If a joint-venture company can earn hard currency through export of its goods, it will not be too dependent on the Iranian banking system for the repatriation of profits and dividends. Some joint ventures consist purely of the transfer of technology to Iran by the foreign partner without any capital commitment. Since Iranian authorities are very keen on the introduction of modern technologies, this path can prove very constructive. In August 2010, the 25% ceiling set for joint venture companies in enjoying facilities from the foreign exchange reserve account has been eliminated.[47] Industry and mines, agriculture, transport, services (such as tourism), IT and the export of goods and services are the sectors authorized to enjoy the new facilities from the Foreign Exchange Reserve Account.[48]

Buy-back

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See also: FDI in Iran's petroleum industry and National Iranian Oil Company
 
Abadan Petrochemical Complex

In the 1990s and early 2000s, some indirect oilfield development agreements were made with foreign firms. Buyback contracts in the oil sector, for instance, were arranged in which the contractor funded all the investments, and then received remuneration from the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) in the form of an allocated production share, then transferred operation of the field to NIOC after a set number of years, at which time the contract was completed.

In February 2007 the government unveiled its new buyback-contract formula, which significantly extended the length of the contracts to as long as 20 years.[49] The buy-back scheme is a formula used by the Iranian government to attract foreign investment. Following the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988, Iran faced a major problem: it needed foreign investment if it did not want to lose its vital income from the oil and gas industry, yet its revolutionary ideology and Constitution forbid granting "concessions". A compromise solution was found in 1989 with the First Five-Year Economic, Social and Cultural Development Plan. Under Note 29 of the said plan, the Iranian government is allowed to employ "buybacks" in its effort to meet the industrial and mineral needs in connection with exports, production and investment. Put in laymen terms, a buy-back transaction is a method of trade where plants, machinery, production equipment and technology is supplied (by a domestic or foreign private firm), in exchange for the goods that will be produced directly or indirectly by means of such facilities.[43]

Under this scheme, the foreign partner that makes the initial investment can repatriate the return on the investment (at a pre-agreed fixed rate) through goods and services produced by the project.[citation needed] While many foreign companies believe that this method is a mere financing instrument for Iran, it is more accurate to say that it is a compromise formula for foreign investment in the short-run. In the medium to long-term, more appropriate laws and regulations will probably replace the buy-back scheme. In other words, once the constitutional concerns have been dealt with, the foreign partners of buy-back agreements can take over the projects that they are involved in, or they can enter into a joint venture with an Iranian partner.[43]

The Iranian (or Integrated) Petroleum Contract (IPC)

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Some of the main criticisms of the buyback contracts include lack of flexibility of cost recovery and in some cases, the NIOC's limited expertise to reverse field decline rates in comparison to the International Oil Company (IOC) that developed the field. The Integrated Petroleum Contract (IPC) will require the IOCs to fulfill Iran's local content requirement, which will be 51% of the contract and transfer of technology.[50] IPCs will be offered for work on somewhere between 34 and 74 oil fields and could last for the duration of a field's life.[51] In 2013 Iran also announced for the first time since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the offering of production sharing contracts (PSCs) for the most complicated and difficult projects, such as deep-water wells in the Caspian Sea (the details of which will be revealed in December 2015 in London).[51][52][53]

Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT)

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See also: Energy in Iran, FDI in Iran's petrochemicals, and Transport in Iran

Recent regulations have introduced the Build–operate–transfer (BOT) scheme for Iranian projects. This is a rather new possibility in the Iranian market. In this scheme, the foreign partner invests in one project, which is then operated for a certain period of time by the foreign investor before it is fully transferred to the Iranian government. Iranian authorities are showing some flexibility regarding the BOT, which could potentially pave the way for more foreign investment in the market.[43]

Free trade zones and special economic zones

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See also: Taxation in Iran's FTZs, Banking in Iran's FTZs, and Iranian oil bourse
 
Iran's trade balance (2000–2007)

Iran's interest in free zones can be traced back to the 1970s.[54]

Advantages

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Free-trade (FTZ) and special economic zones (SEZ) have been established to provide additional investment incentives such as:

  • 20 years tax-exemption (15 years, before 2014);[citation needed]
  • no entry visa requirement;
  • 100% foreign ownership possible;
  • flexible employment regulations;
  • flexible monetary & banking services;
  • extended legal guarantees & protection.

Locations

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See also: Technology parks in Iran

As of January 2010, there were six free-trade zones (FTZ) and 16 special economic zones (SEZ) in Iran.[55] More FTZ and SEZ are planned in Iran.[56]

Name Authority in charge Type Location
Anzali Archived 14 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Free-trade zone
Chabahar Free-trade zone Chabahar
Kish Free-trade zone Kish Island
Arvand Free-trade zone Khorramshahr
Aras Free-trade zone East Azerbaijan
Qeshm Free-trade zone Qeshm Island
Maku Free-trade zone Maku
Imam Khomeini International Airport Free-trade zone Tehran
Bushehr Special economic zone Bushehr
Lorestan Archived 2 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine Special economic zone
Sirjan Special economic zone
Sarakhs Special Economic Zone Special economic zone Sarakhs
Payam Archived 7 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine Payam Aviation Special economic zone Karaj
Salafchegan Astan Quds Razavi Special economic zone
Persian Gulf Mines and Metals National Iranian Steel Company Special economic zone
Persian Gulf Shipbuilding ISOICO Special economic zone Bandar Abbas
Arge-e-Jadid Special economic zone
PSEEZ [1] NIOC Special economic zone Bushehr
Petrochemical Special Economic Zone Archived 4 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine NIPC/Petzone Special economic zone Mahshahr
Shiraz Electric and Electronics IDRO Special economic zone Shiraz
Yazd Textile Industries Archived 5 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine Special economic zone Yazd
Bandar Amirabad Behshahr Special economic zone
Bandar Bushehr Archived 23 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Special economic zone Bushehr
Shaheed Rajaee Shaheed Rajaee Port Authority Special economic zone Bandar Abbas

Outward FDI

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See also: Central Bank of Iran § Foreign exposure and transactions, Setad, and Bonyad

Iran has made substantial investments abroad. The main agencies in charge are the Iran Foreign Investments Company (FDI) and the Central Bank of Iran (Forex). Broadly speaking, these investments can be categorized as FDI and foreign portfolio investments:

Outward FDI include:

Portfolio investments include:

Partial ownership in:

Besides, Iranians citizens and Iranian citizens abroad, as individuals, have made substantial investments in Dubai (e.g. real estate, trading companies) and hold significant portfolio investments in various companies throughout Europe, China and the United States. Wealthy Iranians, companies and state-backed buyers will invest up to $8.5 billion in overseas real estate over the next five-to-10 years (2016).[57]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Iran ranks 69th out of 139 in global competitiveness Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Global Competitiveness Report, World Economic Forum (2010). Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  2. ^ Iran's competitiveness rank up 7 places: WEF Archived 25 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Tehran Times, 9 August 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Iran ranks 6th in attracting foreign investments". tehran times. 2 January 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  4. ^ Iran attracted $24.3b foreign capital in 16 years Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine Payvand's Iran News
  5. ^ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 12/07/08". www.iran-daily.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009.
  6. ^ Asa Fitch: Post-Sanctions Iran Could Be A Turkey-Size Win for Investors. Wall Street Journal, 12 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  7. ^ Dean A. DeRosa & Gary Clyde Hufbauer: "Normalization of Economic Relations". (U.S.) National Foreign Trade Council. 21 November 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  8. ^ Jason Rezaian: U.S. investors begin to imagine a return to Iran. Washington Post, 28 May 2014. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
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  10. ^ Iran Daily: $34b Foreign Investment in 16 years[permanent dead link‍] Retrieved 23 July 2010.
  11. ^ a b "Foreign Investment at Record Level". Iran Daily. 10 April 2007.[permanent dead link‍]
  12. ^ Money Magazine - Iran Is Open For Business Archived 27 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine
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  16. ^ "AJE". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  17. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  19. ^ "Iran approves $1.6b of foreign investment plans - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  20. ^ Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 07/02/07 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ "Joint invest, tech, export; conditions for foreigners' coop". 18 October 2015.
  22. ^ "Iran seeking foreign investment in housing sector - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 27 July 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  23. ^ COUNTRY PROFILE: IRAN (March 2006) Library of Congress - Federal Research Division
  24. ^ "Western Companies See Potential in Reaching Iran's Consumers After Nuclear Deal - WSJ". Wall Street Journal. 6 April 2015.
  25. ^ "US firms already sealing deals in Tehran: Report". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  26. ^ "US trade delegation studying post-sanctions Iran potentials in rare visit". Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015.
  27. ^ Faucon, Benoît (15 July 2015). "In Iran, Business Deals Rarely Smooth - WSJ". Wall Street Journal.
  28. ^ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 11/09/08". Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  29. ^ Amuzegar, Jahangir (3 October 2005). "Iran's Third Development Plan: an Appraisal". Archived from the original on 29 November 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  30. ^ a b c Ayse, Valentine; Nash, Jason John; Leland, Rice (January 2013). The Business Year 2013: Iran. London, U.K.: The Business Year. p. 177. ISBN 978-1-908180-11-7.
  31. ^ "No. 3818 | Domestic Economy | Page 4". Irandaily. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  32. ^ "Iran deal could unlock huge economic potential". CNN. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  33. ^ "Iran-Location, size, and extent". Nationsencyclopedia.com. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 18 June 2011.
  34. ^ "Iran poised to become regional economic hub".
  35. ^ a b "Iran Profile - Doing business - for Australian Exporters - Export assistance, grants, and help. - Australian Trade Commission". 4 October 2006. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  36. ^ "Iran's Growth Hurdle: Lack of Modern Office Spaces". The Wall Street Journal. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
  37. ^ "Eghtesad Kerman". [dead link‍]
  38. ^ Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 02/14/07 Archived 6 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ "Migration Information Source".
  40. ^ Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 04/04/06 Archived 19 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ Registration of Companies. OIETA. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
  42. ^ "Doing business in Iran: Trade and export guide".
  43. ^ a b c d "Iran", Investment regulations, Economist Intelligence Unit, 19 March 2008
  44. ^ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 06/01/09". www.iran-daily.com. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009.
  45. ^ Govt package to boost investmentsZawya Archived 8 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  46. ^ "IS in Cahoots with Egyptian Militants". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014.
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  48. ^ "Iran offers more incentives to foreign investors". tehran times. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  49. ^ SOURCE: Country Risk Service, ed. (18 March 2008), "Iran", Investment regulations, Economist Intelligence Unit
  50. ^ "International - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)".
  51. ^ a b Bill Spindle (19 June 2015). "Iran Holds Out Better Terms for Oil Firms". The Wall Street Journal: B1.
  52. ^ "Production-Sharing Contracts Could Help Renew Iran Oil Market". 24 June 2013.
  53. ^ "Iran petroleum contract and the missing link - pre-pay - Tehran Times". Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  54. ^ Hakimian, Hassan (2009). Iran's Free Trade and Special Economic Zones: Challenges and Opportunities (PDF). Conference on Iranian Economy at a Crossroads, University of Southern California. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  55. ^ "Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 11/25/08". Archived from the original on 17 August 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  56. ^ "President orders establishment of 23 SEZs, 1 FTZ". tehran times. 3 November 2010. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
  57. ^ "Iranians to splash up to $8B on overseas property: Study". CNBC. 16 March 2016.

Bibliography

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General statistics
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