The eudysmic ratio (also spelled eudismic ratio) represents the difference in pharmacologic activity between the two enantiomers of a drug. In most cases where a chiral compound is biologically active, one enantiomer is more active than the other. The eudysmic ratio is the ratio of activity between the two. A eudysmic ratio significantly differing from 1 means that they are statistically different in activity. Eudisimic ratio (ER) reflects the degree of enantioselectivity of the biological systems.[1][2] For example, (S)-propranolol (ER = 130) meaning that (S)-propranolol is 130 times more active than its (R)-enantiomer.[3]
Terminology
editThe eutomer is the enantiomer having the desired pharmacological activity,[4] e.g., as an active ingredient in a drug.
The distomer, on the other hand, is the enantiomer of the eutomer which may have undesired bioactivity or may be bio-inert.[5]
A racemic mixture is an equal mixture of both enantiomers, which may be easier to manufacture than a single enantiomeric form.
It is often the case that only a single one of the enantiomers contains all of the wanted bioactivity, the distomer is often less active, has no desired activity or may even be toxic.[6] In some cases, the eudysmic ratio is so high, that it is desired to separate out the two enantiomers instead of leaving it as a racemic product. It is also possible that the distomer is not simply completely inactive but actually antagonizes the effects of the eutomer. There are a few examples of chiral drugs where both the enantiomers contribute, in different ways, to the overall desired effect. An interesting situation is that in which the distomer antagonizes a side-effect of the eutomer for the desired action, mutually beneficial action form therapeutic standpoint. This is convincingly demonstrated by the diuretic indacrinone.[7]
The (R)-(+)-isomer, the eutomer, is responsible for the diuretic action and undesired uric acid retention, a side-effect common to many diuretics. The (S)-(-)-isomer, the distomer, acts as a uricosuric agent and thus antagonizes the side-effect caused by the (R)-isomer. A superficial examination of these facts might suggest the marketing of this product as a racemate (1:1 mixture of both enantiomers) to be desirable, since both enantiomers are complementing each other, but for optimal action, the ideal eutomer to distomer ratio for indacrinone has been determined to be 9:1.[8] [9][10][11] This is a classical case of a non-racemic drug. Alternatively, it is possible that in the body the distomer converts, at least in part, into the eutomer.
Calculation
editOne way the eudysmic ratio is computed is by dividing the EC50 or the IC50 of the eutomer by the same measurement of the distomer.[12][13] Whether one chooses to use the EC50 or IC50 depends on the drug in question.
Examples
edit- Citalopram: steps were taken to separate the more potent enantiomer, escitalopram.
- Thalidomide is a drug whose two enantiomers cause distinctly different effects from one another. The unforeseen teratogenicity of the (R)-(+)-isomer caused it to become an important case study of stereochemistry in medicine. Although it is possible to chemically isolate just the desired (S)-(−)-isomer from the racemic mixture, the two enantiomers rapidly interconvert in vivo; thus rendering their separation to be of little use.[14]
- Methorphan is another drug whose two enantiomers possess very different binding profiles, with the L enantiomer being a potent opioid analgesic, and the D enantiomer being a commonly used over-the-counter cough suppressant which acts as an NMDA-antagonist but possesses nearly no opioid activity. In the case of morphinan, the eudysmic ratio is preserved after metabolism as the D and L metabolites possess the same pharmacological targets as the corresponding methorphan enantiomers, but are considerably more potent than their parent compounds.
- Amino acids are also an example of eudysmic ratio. Nearly all of the amino acids in the human body are called "L" amino acids; despite being chiral, the body almost exclusively creates and uses amino acids in this one configuration. D amino acids, the enantiomers — or "mirror images" — of the amino acids in the human body cannot be incorporated into proteins. D-aspartate and D-serine are two notable counterexamples, since they do not appear to ever be incorporated into proteins, but instead act individually as signalling molecules. However, mammals can metabolize significant amount of D amino acids by oxidizing them to alpha-ketoacids (most of which are non-chiral) and then transaminases can create L amino acids. There are no reasons to believe that humans are exceptional, they have all required enzymes (DDO, DAO). Some common foods contain near-racemic mixtures of amino acids.[citation needed]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Ariëns, Everardus J. (1986). "Stereochemistry: A source of problems in medicinal chemistry". Medicinal Research Reviews. 6 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1002/med.2610060404. ISSN 0198-6325. PMID 3534485. S2CID 36115871.
- ^ Ariëns, E. J. (1984). "Stereochemistry, a basis for sophisticated nonsense in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 26 (6): 663–668. doi:10.1007/BF00541922. ISSN 0031-6970. PMID 6092093. S2CID 30916093.
- ^ Sheldon, Roger A. (1993). Chirotechnology : industrial synthesis of optically active compounds. New York: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-9143-6. OCLC 27897833.
- ^ Wermuth CG, Ganellin CR, Lindber P, Mitscher LA (1998). "Glossary of Terms used in Medicinal Chemistry (IUPAC Recommendations 1998)". Pure Appl. Chem. 70 (5): 1129–1143. doi:10.1351/pac199870051129.
- ^ Roth HJ, Müller CE, Folkers G (1998). Stereochemie und Arzneistoffe. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. pp. 80–82. ISBN 3-8047-1485-4.
- ^ Ariëns EJ (1984). "Stereochemistry, a basis for sophisticated nonsense in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 26 (6): 663–8. doi:10.1007/bf00541922. PMID 6092093. S2CID 30916093.
- ^ Drayer, Dennis E (1986). "Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic differences between drug enantiomers in humans: An overview". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 40 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1038/clpt.1986.150. ISSN 0009-9236. PMID 3731675. S2CID 33537650.
- ^ Tobert, J A; Cirillo, V J; Hitzenberger, G; James, I; Pryor, J; Cook, T; Buntinx, A; Holmes, I B; Lutterbeck, P M (1981). "Enhancement of uricosuric properties of indacrinone by manipulation of the enantiomer ratio". Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 29 (3): 344–350. doi:10.1038/clpt.1981.47. ISSN 0009-9236. PMID 7471605. S2CID 42650689.
- ^ Ariëns, Everardus J. (1986). "Stereochemistry: A source of problems in medicinal chemistry". Medicinal Research Reviews. 6 (4): 451–466. doi:10.1002/med.2610060404. ISSN 0198-6325. PMID 3534485. S2CID 36115871.
- ^ "Stereoselectivity of pesticides: Biological and chemical problems edited by E.J. Ariëns, J. J. S. van Rensen and W. Welling. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1988, pp. 544, US$ 171.00m". European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 23 (5): 491. 1988. doi:10.1016/0223-5234(88)90153-5. ISSN 0223-5234.
- ^ Williams, Kenneth M. (1991), Molecular Asymmetry and Its Pharmacological Consequences, Advances in Pharmacology, vol. 22, Elsevier, pp. 57–135, doi:10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60033-2, ISBN 978-0-12-032922-9, PMID 1958505, retrieved 2021-05-15
- ^ Lehmann FP (February 1978). "Stereoselectivity and affinity in molecular pharmacology. III. Structural aspects in the mode of action of natural and synthetic auxins". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 20 (2): 239–49. doi:10.1016/0009-2797(78)90057-1. PMID 647843.
- ^ Ariëns EJ (1991). "Racemic therapeutics--ethical and regulatory aspects". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 41 (2): 89–93. doi:10.1007/BF00265897. PMID 1743252. S2CID 12768116.
- ^ Eriksson T, Björkman S, Roth B, Fyge A, Höglund P (1995). "Stereospecific determination, chiral inversion in vitro and pharmacokinetics in humans of the enantiomers of thalidomide". Chirality. 7 (1): 44–52. doi:10.1002/chir.530070109. PMID 7702998.