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Emperor Kōan

Emperor Kōan (孝安天皇, Kōan-tennō), also known as Yamatotarashihikokunioshihito no Mikoto (大倭帯日子国押人命) was the sixth legendary emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[4][5] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kōan is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in the Kojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kōan's reign allegedly began in 393 BC, he had one wife and two sons and reigned for more than 100 years until his death in 291 BC at the age of 137. One of his sons then supposedly became the next emperor.[6] Emperor Kōan is traditionally accepted as the final emperor of the Jōmon period, which ended in 300 BC.[7]

Emperor Kōan
孝安天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign393 BC – 291 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorKōshō
SuccessorKōrei
Born427 BC[2]
Died291 BC (aged 136)[3]
Burial
Tamate no oka no e no misasagi (玉手丘上陵) (Gose)
SpouseOshihime [ja]
Issue
Posthumous name
Chinese-style shigō:
Emperor Kōan (孝安天皇)

Japanese-style shigō:
Yamato-tarashihiko-kuni-oshihito no Sumeramikoto (日本足彦国押人天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōshō
MotherYosotarashi-hime
ReligionShinto

Legendary narrative

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In the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, only his name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperial misasagi or tomb for Kōan is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. He is believed to be son of Emperor Kōshō; and his mother is believed to have been Yosotarashi-no-hime, who was the daughter of Okitsuyoso, and ancestress of the Owari.[8] The Kojiki records Kōan was the second son of Emperor Kōshō, and that he ruled from the palace of Akitsushima-no-miya (葛城室之秋津島宮, and in the Nihon Shoki as 室秋津島宮) at Muro in what would come to be known as Yamato Province.[5][8] Kōan was allegedly an emperor who reigned for more than a hundred years, and lived to the age of 137 (according to the Kojiki).[3] He allegedly had a wife named Yosotarashi-hime, and fathered two children with her. Kōan's reign lasted from 392 BC until his death in 291 BC, one of his sons then took the throne and would later be referred to as Emperor Kōrei.

Known information

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The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[9] Kōan is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the fifth of eight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[a] The name Kōan-tennō was assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[11] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kōan, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of the imperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as the Kojiki.[10] The name "Kōan" is first credited to Japanese scholar and writer Ōmi no Mifune, who allegedly came up with the name sometime in the latter half of the 8th century.[12]

Emperor Kōan's longevity is disputed as the oldest verified humans usually go into the mid to late 110s. While historian John S. Brownlee calls Kōan's alleged age of 137 at the time of his death "too long", he also says that this is not unusual for mythical figures. He ends his narrative by saying that nobody in Japan was bothered by the longevity of the former emperors until the modern era.[3] Regardless of his age, the actual site of Kōan's grave is not known. Kōan is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) in Tamade, Gose. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Kōan's mausoleum, and its formal name is Tamate no oka no e no misasagi.[4][6]

The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed is Emperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[13] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[b] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[c] between 737 and 806 AD.[10]

Consorts and children

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Family tree

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Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[17] Ōkuninushi[18][19]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[20]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[21]
Kotoshironushi[22][23] Tamakushi-hime[21] Takeminakata[24][25] Susa Clan[26]
1 Jimmu[27]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[27]Kamo no Okimi[22][28]Mirahime [ja]
2 Suizei[29][30][31][32][33][34] 2Isuzuyori-hime[32][33][34][28][35]Kamuyaimimi[29][30][31]
3 Annei[36][22][32][33][34]〔Ō clan[37][38]〕〔Aso clan[39]〕3 Nunasokonakatsu-hime[40][22]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4 Itoku[36][22]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][36]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amatoyotsuhime no Mikoto [ja][36]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5 Emperor Kōshō[36][22][41]5Yosotarashi-hime[22]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6 Emperor Kōan[22]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][41]Owari clan
6Oshihime [ja][22][41]〔Wani clan〕[42]
7 Emperor Kōrei[43][22][41][44] 7Kuwashi-hime[44]
8 Emperor Kōgen[45][44]8Utsushikome [ja][45]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[43]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[46]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[d] [48][49]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][49]9 Emperor Kaika[45]Prince Ohiko [ja][50]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][49]10 Emperor Sujin[51][52]10Mimaki-hime[53]〔Abe clan〕[50]
Takenouchi no Sukune[49]11 Emperor Suinin[54][55]11Saho-hime[56]12Hibasu-hime [ja][57]Yasaka Iribiko[58][59][60]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][61]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][43]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[62]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume [ja]12 Emperor Keiko[55][57]14Yasakairi-hime [ja][58][59][60]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime [ja][63]Yamato Takeru[64][65]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[64][65]
14Emperor Chūai[64][65] [66]15Empress Jingū[67] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[67]16Nakatsuhime[68][69][70]
16Emperor Nintoku[71]


See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代, Kesshi-hachidai).[10]
  2. ^ The 29th Emperor[14][15]
  3. ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  4. ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[47]

References

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Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ "Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan" (PDF). Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  2. ^ Kenneth Henshall (2013). Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487. ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^ a b c John S. Brownlee (August 14, 1991). Political Thought in Japanese Historical Writing: From Kojiki (712) to Tokushi Yoron (1712). Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 30. ISBN 9780889209978.
  4. ^ a b "孝安天皇 (6)". Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  5. ^ a b Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 9780520034600.
  6. ^ a b Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 30 & 418.
  7. ^ Perri, Angela R. (2016). "Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan" (PDF). Antiquity. 90 (353): 1166–1180. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.115.
  8. ^ a b Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 90. ISBN 9780231049405.
  9. ^ Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
  10. ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109, 145–146. ISBN 978-0-524-05347-8.
  11. ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21. Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
  12. ^ Britannica Kokusai Dai-Hyakkajiten article "Ōmi no Mifune". Britannica.
  13. ^ Yoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007). "Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl". Japan Times. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
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  16. ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897. According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
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  21. ^ a b The Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
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  35. ^ 『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
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  41. ^ a b c d Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
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Further reading

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Legendary Emperor of Japan
393 BC – 291 BC
(traditional dates) 		Succeeded by
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