EMX2

Homeobox protein Emx2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EMX2 gene.

EMX2
Identifiers
Aliases	EMX2, empty spiracles homeobox 2
External IDs	OMIM: 600035; MGI: 95388; HomoloGene: 3023; GeneCards: EMX2; OMA:EMX2 - orthologs
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 19 (mouse) Band 19 D3|19 56.28 cM Start 59,446,804 bp End 59,453,789 bp
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in corpus epididymis caput epididymis seminal vesicula ganglionic eminence canal of the cervix kidney tubule myometrium right uterine tube endometrium germinal epithelium Top expressed in uterine tube cervix ventricular zone vestibular membrane of cochlear duct gastrula connecting tubule vas deferens ovary upper respiratory tract nose More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function sequence-specific DNA binding DNA binding protein binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component nucleus Biological process cerebral cortex development multicellular organism development regulation of gene expression renal system development forebrain development brain development regulation of transcription, DNA-templated cell proliferation in forebrain forebrain cell migration cerebral cortex regionalization neuron differentiation anterior/posterior pattern specification dentate gyrus development regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II ureter morphogenesis Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2018 13797 Ensembl n/a ENSMUSG00000043969 UniProt Q04743 Q04744 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_004098 NM_001165924 NM_010132 RefSeq (protein) NP_001159396 NP_004089 NP_034262 Location (UCSC) n/a Chr 19: 59.45 – 59.45 Mb PubMed search
Wikidata
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Function

The homeodomain transcription factor EMX2 is critical for central nervous system and urogenital development. EMX1 (MIM 600034) and EMX2 are related to the 'empty spiracles' gene expressed in the developing Drosophila head.[supplied by OMIM].

The EMX2 gene encodes for a transcription factor that is a homolog to Drosophila melanogaster “empty spiracles” gene. The “empty spiracles gene” is needed for the proper head development/formation as well as the development of posterior spiracles in Drosophila melanogaster.

In humans, EMX2 shows high expression in the dorsal telencephalon, olfactory neuroepithelium, as well as the urogenital system. In the developing uroepithelium, EMX2 is negatively regulated by HOXA10. EMX2 has been associated with Schizencephaly, a disease where there are large parts of the brain hemispheres absent and that are replaced with cerebrospinal fluid, clinical observations can include seizures, blindness, and inability to walk/speak. EMX2 has also been shown to have an important role in tumorigenesis. One study found that the expression of EMX2 is significantly decreased in tissues and cells with colorectal cancer. It is suspected that EMX2 could be used as a treatment of colorectal cancer.

See also

• EMX1

Further reading

• Guerrini R, Carrozzo R (2002). "Epileptogenic brain malformations: clinical presentation, malformative patterns and indications for genetic testing". Seizure: The Journal of the British Epilepsy Association. 11 Suppl A (7): 532–43, quiz 544–7. doi:10.1053/seiz.2001.0650. PMID 12185771. S2CID 18943418.
• Simeone A, Gulisano M, Acampora D, et al. (1992). "Two vertebrate homeobox genes related to the Drosophila empty spiracles gene are expressed in the embryonic cerebral cortex". EMBO J. 11 (7): 2541–50. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05319.x. PMC 556729. PMID 1352754.
• Brunelli S, Faiella A, Capra V, et al. (1996). "Germline mutations in the homeobox gene EMX2 in patients with severe schizencephaly". Nat. Genet. 12 (1): 94–6. doi:10.1038/ng0196-94. PMID 8528262. S2CID 339074.
• Wiemann S, Weil B, Wellenreuther R, et al. (2001). "Toward a catalog of human genes and proteins: sequencing and analysis of 500 novel complete protein coding human cDNAs". Genome Res. 11 (3): 422–35. doi:10.1101/gr.GR1547R. PMC 311072. PMID 11230166.
• Noonan FC, Mutch DG, Ann Mallon M, Goodfellow PJ (2001). "Characterization of the homeodomain gene EMX2: sequence conservation, expression analysis, and a search for mutations in endometrial cancers". Genomics. 76 (1–3): 37–44. doi:10.1006/geno.2001.6590. PMID 11549315.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMC 139241. PMID 12477932.
• Troy PJ, Daftary GS, Bagot CN, Taylor HS (2003). "Transcriptional repression of peri-implantation EMX2 expression in mammalian reproduction by HOXA10". Mol. Cell. Biol. 23 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.1.1-13.2003. PMC 140663. PMID 12482956.
• Noonan FC, Goodfellow PJ, Staloch LJ, et al. (2003). "Antisense transcripts at the EMX2 locus in human and mouse". Genomics. 81 (1): 58–66. doi:10.1016/S0888-7543(02)00023-X. PMID 12573261.
• Ota T, Suzuki Y, Nishikawa T, et al. (2004). "Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full-length human cDNAs". Nat. Genet. 36 (1): 40–5. doi:10.1038/ng1285. PMID 14702039.
• Daftary GS, Taylor HS (2004). "EMX2 gene expression in the female reproductive tract and aberrant expression in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89 (5): 2390–6. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031389. PMID 15126568.
• Nédélec S, Foucher I, Brunet I, et al. (2004). "Emx2 homeodomain transcription factor interacts with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in the axons of olfactory sensory neurons". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 (29): 10815–20. Bibcode:2004PNAS..10110815N. doi:10.1073/pnas.0403824101. PMC 490017. PMID 15247416.
• Hamasaki T, Leingärtner A, Ringstedt T, O'Leary DD (2004). "EMX2 regulates sizes and positioning of the primary sensory and motor areas in neocortex by direct specification of cortical progenitors". Neuron. 43 (3): 359–72. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.07.016. PMID 15294144. S2CID 14259180.
• Treloar SA, Zhao ZZ, Le L, et al. (2007). "Variants in EMX2 and PTEN do not contribute to risk of endometriosis". Mol. Hum. Reprod. 13 (8): 587–94. doi:10.1093/molehr/gam023. PMID 17563403.

External links

• EMX2+protein,+human at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.