The Durham University Observatory is a weather observatory owned and operated by the University of Durham. It is a Grade II listed building[1] located at Potters Bank, Durham and was founded in 1839 initially as an astronomical and meteorological observatory (owing to the need to calculate refraction from the air temperature) by Temple Chevallier, until 1937 when the observatory moved purely to meteorological recording.[2]
| Durham Observatory | |
|---|---|
 Observatory front view | |
  Location within Durham, England | |
| General information | |
| Type | Observatory |
| Location | Potters Bank, Durham |
| Coordinates | 54°46′05″N 1°35′10″W / 54.768°N 1.586°W |
| Construction started | 1839 |
| Completed | 1841 |
| Owner | Durham University |
| Design and construction | |
| Architect(s) | Anthony Salvin |
| Website | |
| durhamweather | |
The observatory's current director is Professor Tim Burt of the Geography Department, who is also Master of Hatfield College.
After the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford (from 1772) and the Armagh Observatory (from 1795), Durham has the third longest unbroken meteorological record in the UK, with records dating back to 23 July 1843,[3] principally due to the work of Gordon Manley in creating a temperature record that would be comparable to Oxford's.[4] In 2022, Oxford University Press published Durham Weather and Climate since 1841, analysing the observatory's weather records and giving a history of the observations, as a sister volume to their Oxford Weather and Climate since 1767 (2019).[5] Observations were made manually until 1999, since when a Met Office automatic weather station has been used.[3]
The observatory is a World Meteorological Organization Centennial Observing Station.[6]
History
editThe university established the observatory in 1839. Funds were raised by a public appeal and the site was made available by the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral. The building was designed by Anthony Salvin and was completed by 1841 with the telescope installed in 1842. The latitude of the observatory was determined in 1843 and its longitude in 1851, by Richard Carrington. An obelisk was installed in the grounds of St Leonard's School, due north of the observatory, in 1850 to check the alignment of the telescope.[7]
Former observers
edit- 1840 – 1841 Temple Chevallier[8]
- 1841 John Stewart Browne[8]
- 1842 – 1846 Arthur Beanlands[8]
- 1846 – 1849 Robert Anchor Thompson[8]
- 1849 Le Jeune[8]
- 1849 Robert Healey Blakey (acting)[8]
- 1849 – 1852 Richard Carrington[8]
- 1852 – 1853 William Ellis[8]
- 1854 – 1855 Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Rümker[8]
- 1856 – 1863 Albert Marth[8]
- 1863 – 1864 Edward Gleadowe Marshall[8]
- 1865 – 1867 Mondeford Reginald Dolman[8]
- 1867 – 1874 John Isaac Plummer[8]
- 1874 – 1885 Gabriel Alphonsus Goldney[8]
- 1885 – 1900 Henry James Carpenter[8]
- 1900 – 1919 Frederick Charles Hampshire Carpenter[8]
- 1919 – 1938 Frank Sargent[9]
- 1938 – 1939 E. Gluckauf[7]
- 1940 – 1945 A. Beecroft[7]
- 1945 – 1948 L. S. Joyce[7]
- 1949 – 1951 K. F. and G. A. Chackett[7]
- 1951 – 1957 J. Musgrave[7]
- 1957 – 1968 F. and D. Glockling[7]
- 1969 – 1999 A. Warner[7]
Weather records
edit| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.3 (61.3) |
17.4 (63.3) |
21.8 (71.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
30.4 (86.7) |
36.9 (98.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
30.0 (86.0) |
25.3 (77.5) |
19.3 (66.7) |
15.9 (60.6) |
36.9 (98.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
9.9 (49.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.2 (68.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.4 (63.3) |
13.5 (56.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
7.1 (44.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.1 (39.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
8.3 (46.9) |
10.9 (51.6) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.6 (43.9) |
4.2 (39.6) |
9.5 (49.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
1.4 (34.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
9.2 (48.6) |
6.5 (43.7) |
3.6 (38.5) |
1.4 (34.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −16.9 (1.6) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
−15.0 (5.0) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
1.4 (34.5) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−5.3 (22.5) |
−12.0 (10.4) |
−16.4 (2.5) |
−18.0 (−0.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 51.8 (2.04) |
44.6 (1.76) |
41.1 (1.62) |
51.2 (2.02) |
44.4 (1.75) |
61.0 (2.40) |
60.9 (2.40) |
66.5 (2.62) |
56.9 (2.24) |
63.4 (2.50) |
73.0 (2.87) |
61.0 (2.40) |
675.7 (26.60) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.8 | 9.9 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 10.7 | 10.3 | 9.4 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 124.1 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 60.9 | 84.4 | 121.7 | 160.8 | 187.1 | 167.1 | 174.3 | 167.3 | 135.3 | 98.9 | 64.6 | 57.6 | 1,480 |
| Source 1: Met Office[11] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Durham Weather[12][13][14] | |||||||||||||
References
edit- ^ "Durham Observatory". Heritage Gateway. Retrieved 3 October 2009.
- ^ Documentation Preserved – Spr. 1998 Archived 12 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Overview and brief history". Durham Weather. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ "The History". Archived from the original on 8 November 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2008. The Observatory's History
- ^ "Durham Weather and Climate since 1841". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ "Centennial Observing Stations". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kenworthy, J. M.; Burt, T. P.; Cox, N. J. (2007). "Durham University Observatory and its meteorological record". Weather. 62 (10). Royal Meteorological Society: 265–269. Bibcode:2007Wthr...62..265K. doi:10.1002/wea.86.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Durham University: Earlier Foundations and Present Colleges, Fowler, Joseph Thomas (1904)" (PDF). Kessinger Publishing. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^ Rochester, G. D. (1980). "The History of Astronomy in the University of Durham from 1835 TO 1939". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 21: 369. Bibcode:1980QJRAS..21..369R.
- ^ "Durham". CEDA Archive. Natural Centre for Environmental Data Analysis. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ "Durham (Durham) UK climate averages". Met Office. 1991–2020. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
- ^ Burt, Stephen; Burt, Tim (2022). Durham Weather and Climate since 1841. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ Tim Burt. "The weather at Durham in 2022". Durham Weather. Durham University. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
- ^ Tim Burt. "The weather at Durham in 2023". Durham Weather. Durham University. Retrieved 25 July 2024.