The Cunene (Portuguese spelling) or Kunene (common Namibian spelling)[a] is a river in Southern Africa. It flows from the Angola highlands southwards to the border with Namibia. It then flows in a westerly direction along the border until it reaches the Atlantic Ocean.
| Cunene River Kunene River | |
|---|---|
 Cunene (Kunene) River near Epupa Falls | |
 Course of the Kunene (Cunene) River, parts in Angola highlighted in blue | |
| Location | |
| Countries | Angola and Namibia |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Angolan Highlands |
| Mouth | Atlantic Ocean |
• coordinates | 17°15′09″S 11°45′05″E / 17.25250°S 11.75139°E |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 1,050 km (650 mi) |
| Basin size | 106,560 km2 (41,140 sq mi) to 108,943 km2 (42,063 sq mi)[1] |
| Discharge | |
| • average | (Period: 1971–2000)221.7 m3/s (7,830 cu ft/s)[1] 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) |
| Basin features | |
| Waterfalls | Epupa Falls, Ruacana Falls |
Geography
editOne of the few perennial rivers in the region, the Cunene is about 1,050 km (650 mi) long, with a drainage basin 106,560 km2 (41,140 sq mi) in area. Its mean annual discharge is 174 m3/s (6,100 cu ft/s) to 222 m3/s (7,800 cu ft/s) at its mouth.[5][1] The Epupa Falls lie on the river. Olushandja Dam dams a tributary of the river, the Etaka, and helps to provide the Ruacana Power Station with water.
The main stream rises in 12° 30′ S. and about 160 miles in a direct line from the sea at Benguella, runs generally from north to south through four degrees of latitude, but finally flows west to the sea through a break in the outer highlands.[6]
Between the mouths of its two tributaries, the Cunene traverses a swampy plain, inundated during high water, and containing several small lakes at other times of the year. From this swampy region divergent branches run S.E. They are mainly intermittent, but the Kwamatuo, which leaves the main stream in about 15° 8′ E., 17° 15′ S., flows into a large marsh or lake called Etosha, which occupies a depression in the inner table-land about 3400 ft. above sea-level. From the S.E. end of the Etosha lake streams issue in the direction of the Okavango, to which in times of great flood they contribute some water.[6]
On leaving the swampy region the Cunene turns decidedly to the west, and descends to the coast plain by a number of cataracts, of which the chief (in 17° 25′ S., 14° 20′ E.) has a fall of 330 ft. The river becomes smaller in volume as it passes through an almost desert region with little or no vegetation. The stream is sometimes shallow and fordable, at others confined to a narrow rocky channel. Near the sea the Cunene traverses a region of sand-hills, its mouth being completely blocked at low water. The river enters the Atlantic in 17° 18′ S., 11° 40′ E. There are indications that a former branch of the river once entered a bay to the south.[6]
Dam controversies
editThe Namibian government proposed in the late 1990s to build the Epupa Dam, a controversial hydroelectric dam on the Cunene. In 2012 the Governments of Namibia and Angola announced plans to jointly build the Orokawe dam in the Baynes Mountains. According to the indigenous Himba who would have been most affected by the construction of the dam, the dam would threaten the local ecosystem and therefore the economic basis of the Himba. During February 2012, traditional Himba chiefs issued a declaration to the African Union and to the United Nations Human Rights Council of the United Nations, titled "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains," which outlines the fierce objections against the dam from the traditional Himba chiefs and communities that reside near the Kunene River.[7][8][9]
In September 2012, the United Nations special rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples visited the Himba, and heard their concerns.
On November 23, 2012, hundreds of Himba and Zemba from Omuhonga and Epupa region protested in Okanguati against Namibia's plans to construct a dam in the Kunene River in the Baynes Mountains, against increasing mining operations on their traditional land and human rights violations against them.[10]
On March 25, 2013, over a thousand Himba and Zemba people marched in Opuwo[11] to protest once more against Namibia's plans to build the Orokawe dam in the Cunene River without consulting with the indigenous peoples that do not consent to the construction plans.[12]
Attraction
editTourists frequent campsites or lodges at Epupa, which offer water sports on the river, including rafting and canoeing.[13] Ancient baobab trees grow alongside the gorge, and there is an attractive and well-kept viewpoint high above the village and falls.
Notes
edit- ^ Pronunciation: British English: /kjuːˈneɪnə/ kew-NAY-nə, American English: /kuːˈ-/ koo-.[2][3][4]
References
edit- ^ a b c "South West Coast".
- ^ "Cunene". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- ^ "Cunene" (US) and "Cunene". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2020-03-22.
- ^ "Cunene". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- ^ Nakayama 2003, p. 9.
- ^ a b c One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kunene". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 946–947.
- ^ "Indigenous Himba Appeal to UN to Fight Namibian Dam". galdu.org. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Namibian Minority Groups Demand Their Rights". newsodrome.com. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Declaration of the most affected Ovahimba, Ovatwa, Ovatjimba and Ovazemba against the Orokawe Dam in the Baynes Mountains". earthpeoples.org. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Namibia: Indigenous semi-nomadic Himba and Zemba march in protest against dam, mining and human rights violations". earthpeoples.org. Archived from the original on March 10, 2013. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
- ^ "German GIZ directly engaged with dispossessing indigenous peoples of their lands and territories in Namibia". earthpeoples.org. Retrieved March 30, 2013.
- ^ "Himba, Zemba reiterate 'no' to Baynes dam". Catherine Sasman for The Namibian. Archived from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013.
- ^ "KaokoHimba Safaris Namibia - Kaokoland, Epupa Falls Campsite, Himba People, Tours - Epupa Falls". Archived from the original on April 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
Sources
edit- C. Michael Hogan (2012). "Kunene River". In P. Saundry; C. Cleveland (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC.: National Council for Science and the Environment.
- F. C. de Moor; H. M. Barber-James; A. D. Harrison; C. R. Lugo-Ortiz (2000). "The macroinvertebrates of the Cunene River from the Ruacana Falls to the river mouth and assessment of the conservation status of the river". African Journal of Aquatic Science. 25 (1).
- Nakayama, Mikiyasu (2003). International Waters in Southern Africa. United Nations University Press. ISBN 92-808-1077-4. Google eBook.