Wikipedia

Crave (streaming service)

For the linear television aspect of the service formerly branded as The Movie Network, see Crave (TV network).

Crave (originally CraveTV) is a Canadian subscription video on demand service owned by Bell Media. The service competes directly with other subscription-based over-the-top streaming services operating in Canada, primarily against American-based services.

Crave
Type of site
Video on demand
Available inEnglish
French
Founded2014; 10 years ago (2014)
Headquarters
Toronto, Ontario
,
Canada
Area servedCanada
OwnerBell Media
URLwww.crave.ca
Users3.124 million (as of December 31, 2022)[a][1]
LaunchedDecember 11, 2014

The service features Bell Media original programming, other premium international programming, and various theatrically-released films. As of November 2024, Crave's major programming suppliers are Warner Bros. Discovery (HBO / Max programming and Warner Bros. films), and Sony Pictures (theatrical films from labels including Columbia). Starz, offered in partnership with Lionsgate, is available as an add-on.

Launched in December 2014 as the low-cost streaming service CraveTV, by late 2018 the service had pivoted to focus on premium content, integrating its operations with The Movie Network (which became the Crave pay TV network), and later its French-language counterpart Super Écran. Crave is available either as an over-the-top subscription service, or through participating Canadian television service providers.

Service structure

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The Crave video-on-demand service is registered with the CRTC as a licence-exempt "hybrid" VOD service,[2] allowing its programming to be offered on-demand through cable/IPTV service providers, without an accompanying linear channel, provided that it is also available via the Internet on a direct-to-consumer basis.[3] Regardless of subscription method, programming is available for streaming through Crave's website, mobile apps, video game consoles, smart TVs and other devices; when subscribed to through a TV provider, some or all programming may be also available through that provider's set-top boxes.[4]

Bell's Crave (formerly TMN), Starz (formerly Encore), and Super Écran linear TV channels are offered under separate licences, however upon its relaunch in November 2018, the direct-to-consumer Crave service launched add-on tiers which includes access to the programming and linear streams of the Crave linear service, and eventually Starz and Super Écran. At the same time, subscribers to the former TMN linear service began to receive access to the former CraveTV VOD library at no additional charge, when signed into the Crave streaming platform via TV Everywhere.

On October 26, 2021, all programming previously included in the Movies + HBO and Super Écran add-ons, and access to the Crave and Super Écran linear channels, was moved into the main library, effectively eliminating the former entry-level programming tier. Direct-to-consumer packages are now divided into "Crave Mobile" and "Crave Total" plans; Crave Mobile, which has the same price as the previous entry-level tier, provides access to up to 720p quality video on a single mobile or browser-based device at a time, while Crave Total, which has approximately the same price as the previous Crave + Movies + HBO (and is marketed as simply "Crave" on most TV service providers), offers up to four simultaneous streams of video at up to 4K resolution (depending on program availability) through a maximum of five registered devices.[5][6] This makes Crave's offerings comparable to the plans offered by HBO Max in Latin America, and more closely comparable to Netflix's package options in Canada and elsewhere.[7] Customers that subscribed to Crave's previous entry-level package directly through the service's website will be offered Crave Total on a trial basis until March 2022.[5]

Starz programming remains available on Crave solely through a separate paid add-on. Additionally, both Starz and Super Écran continue to be available individually through TV service providers. Such subscribers can access programming for their subscribed services through the Crave platform using TV Everywhere authentication, however in these cases they do not receive access to other Crave programming.

2018–21 packaging

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From November 1, 2018, to October 25, 2021, programming on the Crave streaming platform was divided between up to four packages:

  • Crave – entry-level package including most original programming from Showtime, previously-aired HBO programming, past seasons of selected current HBO and Starz programming, and other Canadian and international programming, much of which is available on Hulu in the U.S. and/or has aired previously on other Bell Media channels. Programming is available in both English and French, though not all programming in one language is available in the other. Direct-to-consumer subscribers were required to subscribe to this package to be able to purchase add-on subscriptions.
  • Movies + HBO – add-on subscription providing access to the Crave linear TV channels (including the Canadian version of HBO) and on-demand access to their associated programming. This includes most first-run HBO (U.S.) programming and exclusive "first window" subscription streaming rights to recent theatrical films including those distributed by Warner Bros., 20th Century Studios,[b] Universal Pictures, and Sony Pictures (theatrical releases through mid-2019),[8] which are typically added about 8 months after theatrical release. Bell Media has stated there is no difference in the programming available to direct-to-consumer subscribers to Crave with the "Movies + HBO" addon compared to those subscribed to the Crave pay TV service via a traditional TV service provider.[9]
  • Starz – add-on subscription (launched early 2019) corresponding to the Canadian version of Starz, including most first-run Starz (U.S.) programming, certain first-run Lionsgate films, additional series from Hulu and the Lionsgate library, and older theatrical films from various distributors
  • Super Écran – add-on subscription (launched early 2020) corresponding to Bell's French-language pay channel Super Écran, including original series, French-language (dubbed or subtitled) versions of programming from HBO and select acquisitions and theatrical films, with a lineup similar but not exactly the same as the films carried in English by Crave

History and distribution

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At some point following the launch of Netflix in Canada in 2010, several domestic media companies including the media divisions of Bell, Rogers, and Shaw, as well as cinema operator Cineplex, were reportedly in talks to launch a joint-venture Canadian streaming service.[10] However, these talks broke down, and the companies ultimately launched separate initiatives, with Cineplex focusing on its Cineplex Store transactional video-on-demand platform, which launched in 2012, and Rogers and Shaw announcing a jointly-owned streaming service named Shomi in 2014.[10][11][12]

Shortly after the announcement of Shomi, on October 30, 2014, Bell Media revealed its own streaming and video-on-demand service focused on TV series programming, initially referring to it by the code name "Project Latte".[12][13] The final name of CraveTV was revealed a few days before launch that December, as was its monthly price of $4 per month – half the monthly Canadian price of Netflix at the time, or roughly the retail price of a latte (hence the code name).[14]

However, unlike Netflix which was sold directly to consumers via the Internet, CraveTV was only made available on launch as an add-on for subscribers of television service providers owned by Bell Canada (including Bell Satellite TV, Bell Fibe TV, and Bell Aliant), along with Eastlink and Telus.[4] In February 2015, Access Communications, Cable Cable, Nexicom, and the cable TV division of Bell subsidiary Northwestel were added, giving the service wider availability in Saskatchewan and Northern Canada.[15]

 
Former logo for CraveTV used until November 2018

At the time of launch Bell did not indicate any plans to make CraveTV available on a standalone over-the-top basis, instead stating that CraveTV would "enhance the value of the subscription television ecosystem" and would be "available to every TV provider in Canada".[13] Kevin Crull, president of Bell Media at the time, contended that television content on any streaming service "[would not] exist if you didn't have the traditional TV system. So you really can't sustainably have one without the other."[4] Further, he stated that the service would not "cannibalize" Bell's investment in traditional linear television services.[16] Tying the service to a television service also counters the trend of "cord cutting", in which one drops cable or satellite television in favor of exclusively obtaining television programming over-the-air and through SVOD services.[16]

On July 13, 2015, Bell announced that CraveTV would transition to an over-the-top service available to all users, regardless of provider, in January 2016. That month, the service when sold through TV providers increased in price from $4 to $6 per-month.[17] On January 14, 2016, CraveTV was launched as an over-the-top service, costing $7.99 per-month.[18] Prices were raised again in May 2018, with the direct-to-consumer price increasing to $9.99.[19]

Merger with Bell Media pay services

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In October 2018, a Rogers Cable service bulletin stated that beginning in November, subscribers to The Movie Network would begin to receive CraveTV as part of their service.[20]

On November 1, 2018, Bell announced that CraveTV had merged with The Movie Network, with both services being renamed Crave (and the combined services promoted as "The All-New Crave").[21] Under the service's new structure, TMN linear subscribers additionally receive access to CraveTV's library as part of their service, and Crave's OTT service added a $19.98 "Crave + Movies + HBO" tier that adds access to TMN's film library and programming, including first-run HBO programming. The existing CraveTV service without films or current HBO programming remains available, at its existing $9.99 direct-to-consumer price. Distribution of the basic Crave service through service providers (in some cases at a lower price) also continues, now including additional providers such as Rogers Cable. Bell Media head Randy Lennox cited increasing competition with Netflix as a basis for the decision.[22][23] The following spring, a Canadian version of Starz (newly renamed from TMN Encore) was launched on the platform as a further add-on, with a direct-to-consumer monthly price of $5.99.[24]

On January 21, 2020, Bell announced that Crave would expand into the French-language market on January 28 of that year. The service promoted that it would add roughly 5,000 hours of content in French to the service for all subscribers (including the new original series Pour toujours, plus un jour), and add a French-language premium tier in conjunction with Bell's Super Écran network. Existing Super Écran subscribers are being directed to the Crave apps for future TV Everywhere access to its content, replacing the existing Super Écran Go apps.[25][26][27]

On October 26, 2021, Bell Media announced that the previous entry-level programming package was being eliminated; all Crave subscribers would henceforth have access to the same library of programming (apart from Starz), with a new single-stream "Crave Mobile" plan offered at the $9.99 price point in place of the previous basic tier.[5][6]

Device support and technical features

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The Crave streaming platform supports access through most modern Web browsers, as well as apps for iOS/iPadOS, Android and Android TV devices, Apple TV, Samsung Smart TVs produced since 2014, Xbox One/Series X/Series S, Amazon Fire TV, Chromecast, Roku, and PlayStation 4/5 (since 2020).[28] Crave's website does not support access on Linux or ChromeOS operating systems, nor in the Opera browser.[29] However, videos can play on ChromeOS.

TV service providers that offer Crave can also offer streaming access to its library to their subscribers through the provider's own platforms; some of these platforms may support additional devices. For example, VMedia offers a Roku app which includes access to Crave programming for those subscribing through that provider, which was available before Crave's own Roku app was released.

Beginning in August 2021, select content, including recent Warner Bros. films, began to be offered in 4K resolution on compatible devices including Apple TV 4K, Android TV, Fire TV, and Chromecast.[30][31] Select devices also support 5.1 surround sound, however, it has been plagued with issues and has not functioned properly since release.[32] Support for AirPods spatial audio was added to the iOS app in March 2022.[33]

Accessibility

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Crave's website and apps support closed captioning. Although much of Crave's programming on its linear channels since fall 2019 has included described video (DV) when accessed through a TV provider set-top box under CRTC rules, support for DV in streaming video was not added until March 2022, when it began to be supported on Apple devices.[33]

Content agreements

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As CraveTV, the service was oriented primarily towards television series, carrying over 10,000 hours of programming on-launch; Bell expected the library to double within a year of the service's launch.[4] Among the programs that were exclusive to CraveTV at launch were programs broadcast by other Bell properties (such as The Big Bang Theory, Doctor Who,[34] and Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.) and Comedy Central original series.[13][16] Some series have moved off the service or become co-exclusives with other services over time; for example, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. also became available on Disney+ after its launch, before later moving off Crave entirely.[35] Other notable series that were exclusively available on CraveTV in its early years but have since had their rights acquired by other services include Seinfeld[36] (moved to Netflix globally in 2021[37]) and South Park[38] (moved to Paramount+ in Canada in early 2022 as part of a longer-term global move[39]).

In October 2014, shortly before launch, Bell announced a deal with HBO to bring the U.S. service's "off-air" programming (i.e. series no longer in production), such as The Sopranos, Sex and the City, The Wire, Crashbox, and various older HBO-produced television films, documentaries, and stand-up comedy specials, to CraveTV.[13][40] At the time of launch, current HBO programming remained exclusive to HBO Canada, a multiplex channel of The Movie Network;[41] it was added to Crave's premium tier in 2018, and became available in all Crave tiers in 2022.

On January 29, 2015, Bell announced a similar licensing deal with Showtime, which would see most of its off-air library added to CraveTV as well.[42]

In March 2015, CraveTV announced the acquisition and production of Letterkenny, the service's first original series.[43]

In February 2016, Bell Media announced that it had acquired exclusive rights to the current incarnation of Doctor Who, with CraveTV adding series 9 later that year, series 1 through 8 by the end of the year, and completed series added to the service following the conclusion of their first-run airings on Space (now CTV Sci-Fi Channel). In July 2016, Bell Media announced that it had acquired rights to current and past Star Trek television series for CraveTV and its cable networks (such as Space), including the then-upcoming Star Trek: Discovery.[44] Bell subsequently announced similar deals for subsequent Star Trek series, including Picard, Lower Decks, and Strange New Worlds, despite CBS All Access (now Paramount+), which streams all of the newer Star Trek series in the United States, having launched in Canada.

On October 24, 2016, Bell announced that new and returning Showtime programming would become available on CraveTV day-and-date with their U.S. premiere, beginning with the third-season premiere of The Affair. Previously, they were only added after their seasons concluded on The Movie Network.[45][46]

In June 2017, Bell reached a deal to sell Comedy Gold to Wow Unlimited Media. As part of the sale, Wow agreed to provide content for Bell Media's OTT ventures.[47] In September 2018, CraveTV launched the "Wow! Preschool Playdate" and "Wow! World Kids" collections.[48] The first anime title put on Crave as a result of this partnership, on September 18, 2020, was the Viz Media English dub of Sailor Moon;[49] it was removed from the platform three years later.[50]

In June 2019, Crave acquired streaming rights to the American and British versions of RuPaul's Drag Race, as part of a partnership with LGBT specialty network OutTV to co-commission a Canadian version of the franchise, Canada's Drag Race. Both outlets share the Canadian rights to all three series, and premiere new episodes on the same day as their domestic broadcast.[51][52]

On October 30, 2019, Bell announced a further expansion to its agreement with HBO parent WarnerMedia, now covering HBO Max (now Max) original scripted programs produced by Warner Bros. Television and its subsidiaries, in addition to extending Crave's rights to HBO main channel programming and first-window pay rights to Warner Bros. films. All HBO Max programs covered by the agreement are available on the Crave streaming platform, though some may also have linear airings on CTV or other Bell channels. This specific agreement did not cover HBO Max programming commissioned from other studios, most animated programs, or other library content which became part of the HBO Max service in the U.S.[53] Crave already held (or later separately acquired) Canadian streaming rights to many, but not all, of the remaining programs, including library rights to Doctor Who, The Big Bang Theory, and Friends.[54]

In December 2022, Crave announced a reactivated deal with Sony Pictures for pay-1 rights to its theatrical releases beginning in April 2023, returning to the service after a stint on Amazon Prime Video from 2020 to 2022.[55][56][57]

In January 2023, Bell Media confirmed that Crave's overall agreement with Showtime had ended at the end of 2022, with other agreements for Comedy Central and Star Trek programming ending or being revised shortly thereafter. Future programming from these brands, all of which are owned by Paramount Global, are expected to stream in Canada on the co-owned Paramount+. New seasons of Showtime series already on Crave and still in production, such as Yellowjackets, continue to be available on the service, while some MTV programming continues to be added to the service (with other programs on Paramount+).[58]

In October 2024, Bell Media renewed its rights to HBO and Max original productions for a multi-year period of undisclosed length; the extension was to settle litigation surrounding Bell Media's loss of rights to Discovery Channel properties to Rogers in 2025, and also includes co-production and distribution pacts for Bell Media original series.[59]

Reception

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Initial reception

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In February 2015, the Consumers' Association of Canada and the Public Interest Advocacy Centre filed a complaint with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) against both CraveTV and the competing service Shomi, arguing that their exclusivity primarily to those who are subscribers of their respective owners' television services was a form of tied selling that "[discriminates] against customers who wish to only view programming through an Internet service provider of their choice".[60]

On March 12, 2015, the CRTC announced new proposed regulations for video on demand services, creating a new category for "hybrid online video-on-demand" services between unregulated digital services and licensed video on demand services offered by television providers. Licensed VOD services are not allowed to offer "exclusive" content and are also subject to genre protection and Canadian content rules. Hybrid services would not be bound to the aforementioned rules, including the ability to offer "exclusive" content, and can be made accessible through a provider's set-top box, but they must be also offered over-the-top on a standalone basis without a television subscription.[61][62]

The CRTC did not explicitly state whether CraveTV or Shomi would be classified as a "hybrid" VOD service under its proposed regulations, which would have required them to offer their service on a standalone basis; a Bell spokesperson argued that CraveTV would not be subject to the requirements because it is a licensed VOD provider, and its content was not "exclusive" because Bell has offered the service for other providers.[citation needed] Nonetheless, Bell eventually registered CraveTV with the CRTC as a hybrid VOD service, and began to offer it on a standalone basis.[2]

Subscribers

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It has been speculated that the closure of Shomi on November 30, 2016, would benefit CraveTV, which had shortly before hit one million subscribers.[63][64][65]

In February 2019, parent company BCE said that following the consolidation with TMN, Crave had reached 2.3 million subscriptions across all versions/levels of the service, and had become "profitable"; the user base had grown to over 3 million subscriptions by March 2022.[66][67] This includes households – which totalled approximately 1.8 million in August 2020, according to CRTC records released in July 2021 – that receive this access as part of their subscription to the legacy Crave pay TV service.[68] In comparison, main competitor Netflix reported 6.5 million subscriptions in Canada as of the end of September 2019, one of the few times Netflix has released specific data regarding Canada.[69]

Subscribers As of Ref
727,000 June 30, 2015 [70]
Over 1 million September 30, 2016 [71]
1.3 million December 31, 2017 [72]
2.3 million[a] December 31, 2018 [66]
Over 2.7 million June 30, 2019 [73]
2.6 million December 31, 2019 [74]
2.7 million March 31, 2020 [75]
2.8 million June 30, 2020 [75]
Approx. 2.7-2.8 million[c] September 30, 2020 [76]
2.8 million December 31, 2020 [77]
2.9 million March 31, 2021 [78]
Approx. 2.97 million June 30, 2021 [79]
Approx. 2.94 million[d] September 30, 2021 [80]
Over 2.9 million[e] December 31, 2021 [81]
Over 3 million March 31, 2022 [67]
3.124 million December 31, 2022 [1]

See also

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b All subscriber counts after November 2018 include subscribers to the Crave linear pay TV channels, who can access the streaming platform at no extra charge (though not all have necessarily done so).
  2. ^ That is, films distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures under the former labels of 21st Century Fox (also including Searchlight and Blue Sky), but not Disney's other film labels.
  3. ^ BCE announced a 3% year-over-year increase in Crave subscribers as of September 2020 compared to September 2019, but has not announced a numeric value for either date. Value is approximated as a 3% increase over the range of subscriber counts announced for June and December 2019.
  4. ^ BCE announced a 5% year-over-year increase in Crave subscribers as of September 2021 compared to September 2020, but has not announced a numeric value for either date. Value is approximated as a 5% increase over the subscriber count of 2.8 million announced for both June and December 2020.
  5. ^ Approximated in the graph as 2.96 million, as BCE said the number of subscribers had increased 6% compared to year-end 2020 (2.8 million).

References

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  1. ^ a b BCE Inc. (February 2, 2023). "Q4 2022 Results Conference Call [Presentation]" (PDF). Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  2. ^ a b "Radio, TV and Cable Broadcasting Services that do and do not need a licence". Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. Retrieved November 12, 2018. (search "Crave" under "Name of service")
  3. ^ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (August 6, 2015). "Broadcasting Regulatory Policy CRTC 2015-355 and Broadcasting Order CRTC 2015-356". Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "Bell Media's Cravetv launches with low-cost subscription". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved December 12, 2014.
  5. ^ a b c Friend, David (October 26, 2021). "Crave does away with $9.99 basic package, adds mobile-only streaming option instead". The Canadian Press. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  6. ^ a b Shankar, Bradly (October 26, 2021). "Crave launches $9.99 mobile-only plan that includes most content". MobileSyrup. Blue Ant Media. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  7. ^ Munson, Ben (May 26, 2021). "HBO Max adds mobile plan for international launch". FierceVideo. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  8. ^ Bell Media PR (May 1, 2018). "The Movie Network Expands Exclusive Movie Offering with New and Extended Multi-Year Studio Deals". Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  9. ^ "Crave Help & FAQs". Retrieved May 19, 2019. [Q:] Is the direct-to-consumer Crave product different from what I would get through my television provider? [A:] No, the only difference (aside from the billing company) is that subscribing through a television provider provides viewers with the option to access the service via their television provider's set-top box (where supported) with on demand and linear channels in addition to the Crave app and website. The content offering is the same regardless of the provider or the platform.
  10. ^ a b Dobby, Christine (February 16, 2021). "Are the cuts at Bell Media the beginning of the end for Canadian broadcasting?". Toronto Star. Retrieved February 19, 2021. [...] the Canadian response to Netflix. Initially, all of the country's major media players — Rogers, Bell, Shaw (which still owned Global TV at the time) and even movie theatre chain Cineplex — were in talks to launch a joint video streaming service. But the talks broke down and the result was a fractured response. Rogers and Shaw launched the joint venture Shomi in 2014 (which they would shutter two years later) while Bell followed a few months later with Crave.
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  29. ^ "Technical Troubleshooting Tips (device and OS compatibility)". Crave.
  30. ^ Ng, Gary (August 14, 2021). "Bell Launches Crave 4K Streaming Quality on Apple TV 4K [Update]". iPhone in Canada. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
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  32. ^ "What devices can support 5.1 surround sound when watching on Crave?". Crave Support. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
  33. ^ a b Shankar, Bradly (March 14, 2022). "Crave app on iOS now supports spatial audio". MobileSyrup. Blue Ant Media. Retrieved April 9, 2022.
  34. ^ Barraclough, Leo (February 23, 2016). "Canada's Bell Inks Multi-Platform Pact with BBC Worldwide for 'Doctor Who' (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
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  39. ^ Chitwood, Adam (February 15, 2022). "'South Park' Moving From HBO Max to Paramount+ as New Exclusive Streaming Home in 2025". TheWrap. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
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  42. ^ "Bell Media strikes deal with Showtime to take on Netflix". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved January 30, 2015.
  43. ^ '19-2' star Jared Keeso to helm original scripted comedy for CraveTV. CTV News, March 5, 2015.
  44. ^ "New Star Trek series to premiere on CTV, then air on Space and Z". The Globe and Mail. July 18, 2016. Retrieved July 24, 2016.
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  50. ^ Tai, Anita (August 26, 2023). "Crave Stops Streaming Sailor Moon Anime in Canada on September 17". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on August 27, 2023. Retrieved August 27, 2023.
  51. ^ Ritchie, Kevin (June 27, 2019). "A Canadian version of RuPaul's Drag Race is happening". NOW Magazine. Archived from the original on May 8, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2019.
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  58. ^ Ransome, Noel (February 1, 2023). "Several CBC shows including 'Schitt's Creek' and 'Heartland' departing Netflix Canada". The Canadian Press. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  59. ^ Whittock, Jesse (October 8, 2024). "Bell Expands Warner Bros Discovery Pact For HBO & Max Content And Ends Legal Action Over Rogers Deal". Deadline. Retrieved October 8, 2024.
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  62. ^ "Let's Talk TV: CRTC announces measures to support the creation of content made by Canadians for Canadian and global audiences". CRTC. Archived from the original on March 12, 2015. Retrieved March 12, 2015.
  63. ^ "Web streaming service Shomi to shut down as of Nov. 30". CBC News. September 26, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2016.
  64. ^ "CraveTV 'continues to grow' as web streaming service Shomi to shut down, Bell says". CBC News. September 27, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  65. ^ "CraveTV boosts Bell's bottom line as Shomi pulls the plug". Toronto Star. November 3, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  66. ^ a b Cope, George (February 7, 2019). "BCE Inc. Q4 2018 Results & 2019 Financial Guidance Call (Transcript)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019. ...Crave, with 2.3 million now linear and direct customers on that service... The consolidated Crave is profitable, because we have obviously combined it with our—we have now combined it with our linear business and OTT business...
  67. ^ a b BCE Inc. (May 5, 2022). "Q1 2022 Results Conference Call [Presentation]" (PDF). Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  68. ^ "INDIVIDUAL DISCRETIONARY AND ON-DEMAND SERVICES – STATISTICAL AND FINANCIAL SUMMARIES: 2016 - 2020" (PDF). Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
  69. ^ Friend, David (December 17, 2019). "Netflix details Canadian revenue and subscriber numbers in regulatory filing". The Canadian Press (via CP24.com). Retrieved December 28, 2019.
  70. ^ "BCE reports second quarter 2015 results" (PDF). August 6, 2015. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
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  72. ^ "BCE reports 2017 Q4 and full-year results, announces 2018 financial targets; 5.2% dividend increase to $3.02 per year" (PDF). February 8, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2020. (results for quarter ending September 30, 2016)
  73. ^ BCE Inc. (press release) (August 1, 2019). "BCE reports second quarter 2019 results" (PDF). Retrieved September 1, 2019.
  74. ^ "BCE Q4 2019 Results Presentation" (PDF). February 6, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
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  76. ^ BCE Inc. (press release) (November 5, 2020). "BCE reports third quarter 2020 results" (PDF). Retrieved November 5, 2020.
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  79. ^ BCE Inc. (press release) (August 5, 2021). "BCE reports second quarter 2021 results" (PDF). Retrieved November 4, 2021. Crave subscribers increased 6% over last year [when Crave had 2.8 million subscribers], approaching the 3 million mark
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