The contubernium (Latin for 'tenting-together') was the smallest organized unit of soldiers in the Roman Army and was composed of ten legionaries,[1] essentially the equivalent of a modern squad, although unlike modern squads contubernia seemed to serve no tactical role in battle. It was likely used to maintain morale and group solidarity by keeping soldiers in close contact with each other.[2] The men within the contubernium were known as contubernales.[3] Ten contubernia, each led by a decanus, were grouped into a centuria of 100 men (eighty legionaries plus twenty support staff), which was commanded by a centurion. Soldiers of a contubernium shared a tent,[4] and could be rewarded or punished together as a unit (see Decimation (punishment)).
Organization
editThe contubernium was, at least very late in the period, around the 4th century CE, led by a decanus or caput contubernii.[5][6] This officer might be considered roughly as the equivalent of a junior non-commissioned officer. It is possible that the title existed in the late Republic and early Principate. However, there is no evidence of a decanus exercising any kind of battlefield command role, regardless of any responsibilities they may have had in garrison or camp. They were presumably appointed from within the contubernium and were most likely the longest-serving legionary.[7] Their duties would likely have included organising the erection of the marching tent and ensuring their tent-mates kept things tidy.[8]
Two auxiliarists, roughly equivalent to modern logistical support troops, were part of each contubernium.[3] They were responsible for the care of the contubernium's pack mule, making sure that the legionaries had water during the march, and may have had special skills like blacksmithing or carpentry. However, legionaries often fulfilled specialist roles themselves, so it is quite possible that the support personnel were simply grooms and servants.
References
edit- ^ Hall, Joshua R.; Rawlings, Louis; Lee, Geoff (2023-03-24). Unit Cohesion and Warfare in the Ancient World: Military and Social Approaches. Taylor & Francis. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-351-69581-7.
- ^ Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R, eds. (2013-01-21). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah19052. ISBN 978-1-4051-7935-5.
- ^ a b "The Roman Army of the Roman Republic". About.com. 2010. Archived from the original on March 8, 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
- ^ Rance, Philip (2015-03-04), "Infantry: Late Empire", in Le Bohec, Yann (ed.), The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army, Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, p. 495, doi:10.1002/9781118318140.wbra0799, ISBN 978-1-118-31814-0, retrieved 2023-04-10
- ^ Cowan, Ross (2013-04-20). Roman Legionary AD 69–161. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-0284-2.
- ^ "Vegetius Liber II". www.thelatinlibrary.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
- ^ "Roman Military Glossary". Roman Britain. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023.
- ^ "Decanus Law and Legal Definition". USlegal. uslegal.com. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2011.
External links
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