The Chok were a society that lived on the Elgeyo Escarpment in Kenya.
Etymology
editIt is noted that the old men living in Pokot during the early 20th century were unanimous in declaring that;
there always were two original Suk tribes living on the Elgeyo escarpment. The names of these two tribes were Chok or Chuk which is the name for a short sword like implement, and Sekker which means 'cowrie shells'
— The Suk -Their Language and Folklore, Beech, M., 1911[1]
Territory
editTheir territory was "on the Elgeyo Escarpment" and while they lived on the Elgeyo escarpment the Kerio Valley was occupied by the Sambur. "..If ever the Suk descended from their fastness, they were raided and harried by this tribe".[2]
Way of life
editResidence
editVon Hönnel writing following his journey to Lake Turkana, remarked on the residences of the Suk, using much the same terms that other writers would make use of;
...The sedentary Suk are restricted to the eastern slopes of the mountain, and dwell in pretty little round huts made of hewn tree trunks with conical thatch of dhurra stalks. Most of their settlements are rather hamlets than villages...
— Von Hönnel, July 7, 1888[3]
Agriculture
editBeech (1911) noted that the Chok were a "purely agricultural people, cultivating millet and eleusine grain grown in the cold air of the summit and possibly a little tobacco."[4] The "millet [was] grown on the fertile and well watered flats at the base of the Elgeyo escarpment, and [was] watered by means of irrigation, while eleusine grain (was) grown high upon the hill sides and was dependent on rain". The irrigation system as Beech noted, "is most ingenious, and its original construction must have required a vast amount of toil and patience".[5] MacDonald who came across an agricultural 'Suk' village during the last decade of the nineteenth century described a similar subsistence pattern.
...The section of the Suk people we had now met...build their huts and small hamlets, high up on the hillsides...many beautiful streams issue from the hills and find their way out onto the plains below...The Suk by means of skillful irrigation channels, utilize these streams for watering their fields at the base of the hills, where at times large areas of grain are seen under cultivation. Flocks of goats and sheep are brought down during the day time from their mountain fastness, to graze along the banks of the many streams...
— MacDonald, 1892[6]
This way of life was captured in family traditions of a Pokot man named Dounguria.
When my father was young, he and his family enjoyed the many blessings of Pokot life on Cheptulel mountain. Their log-terraced gardens, irrigated by the carved “bridge of water” leading from the cool mountain streams, always produced enough grain to supplement the milk, blood and meat of their large herd of cattle and goats. But when father became a youth like me, a great epidemic suddenly destroyed most of the herds, and even wild animals, throughout the land. This was The Time the Country Became Dark.
Industries
editThe Chok had two notable industries, pottery and iron-smithing, the former performed by women and the latter by men.[8]
The significance of the Chok smithing industry is illustrated in a tradition captured among the Nandi in the early 20th century. There the Uasin Gishu smiths said in regard to their ancestors arrival in Nandi; that a man named Arap Sutek had been the only smith in the country then but that after the Uasin Gishu Maasai quit their homes and split up in different directions, some of those who wandered into Nandi were hospitably received by Arap Sutek and by the early 20th century every clan had a smith.
There was also a sword in use among the Nandi by then known as rotuet-ap-chok (sword of/from Chok) which was being manufactured alongside the previous rotuet that had been made in Nandi.[9] It is possible though not clear that the Chok had exported these weapons prior to this time.
Trade
editThe Chok obtained donkeys from the Turkana and it would appear they took a number with them to Nandi but were obliged to get rid of them as it was felt that they would spoil the grazing for cattle.[10]
Culture
editThe most noted item of their culture was the Chok from which they got their name. Beech notes that as of 1911 it was only women he saw carrying these swords "...on their way to the grain fields".[11]
Marriage
editA custom unique to the Chok was the payment of dowry in palm wine or honey.[12]
External relations
editLoikop people
editSamburu traditions describe their relationship with the Pokot as one of inter-ethnic lang'ata i.e. a close yet circumspect bond best perceived as a friendship born as a resolution to past conflict.
The Samburu place the oath beyond living memory, and with many knowledgeable Samburu informants giving detailed oral history going back to at least the 1880s it is likely that this relationship was established with the Chok.
Certain traditions state that the oath was renewed around the time when the Merisho age-set were murran (in the early 1900s) indicating a renewal of the oath following the assimilation of the Chok into Pokot identity.[13]
Decline
editThe Chok were raided by the Laikipia Masai forcing some of them to flee to Kapukogh in Uganda.[14]
Dispersal
editUasin Gishu Maasai
editThe Nandi smiths narrative identifies their ancestors who arrived from the Uasin Gishu plateau with a sword known as rotuet-ap-chok (sword of/from Chok) as the Uasin Gishu Maasai.[9] Similarly immigrants from their neighboring community (i.e. the Sekker mentioned by the Pokot elders) were known as the Segelai Maasai[broken anchor].[15]
Assimilation & Expansion
editChok traditions recall their territorial expansion under their new identity, they remember that a time came when "... there arose a wizard among the Suk who prepared a charm in the form of a stick, which he placed in the Loikop cattle kraals, with the result that they all died."
After defeating the Loikop, a settlement was established at En-ginyang (about 48 kilometers north of Lake Baringo), likely by a group of Pokotozek.[16][17] This event signified the establishment of the pastoral Chok, i.e. Pokot, community.[14]
With the Pokot community established, a desire arose many Chok to adopt pastoralist culture. The aim and ambition of every agricultural Chok became to amass enough cattle to move into the Kerio Valley and join their pastoral kin.[14] They achieved this through attaining cattle as the bride-price of their female relations or through adoption, in the latter case, poor Chok youth would be adopted by members of the emerging Pokot community primarily as herds-boys.[18]
By the early 20th century, the Pokot community was expanding as many of the Chok joined their rank and by that time, many Pokot who were termed Suk by the colonial administrators did not recognize this name for their tribe.[11]
References
edit- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911 p.2 online
- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911, p.7
- ^ Höhnel, Ritter von (1894). Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie; a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in eastern equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888. London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 234-237.
- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911 p.4
- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911 p.15
- ^ Austin, Herbet (1903). With Macdonald in Uganda: A Narrative Account of the Uganda Mutiny and Macdonald Expedition. London: E.Arnold. p. 65.
- ^ Robbins, Pat (2010). Red-Spotted Ox: A Pokot Life (PDF). Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 52. ISBN 9788791563706.
- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911 p.17
- ^ a b Hollis A.C, The Nandi - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909, p.33
- ^ Hollis A.C, The Nandi - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1909 p.22
- ^ a b Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911, p.1
- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911, p.32
- ^ Holtzman, J., Killing Your Neighbors: Friendship and Violence in Northern Kenya and Beyond, p.134-135
- ^ a b c Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911, p.4
- ^ Spear, T. and Waller, R. Being Maasai: Ethnicity & Identity in East Africa. James Currey Publishers, 1993, p. 91
- ^ Beech M.W.H, The Suk - Their Language and Folklore. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1911, p.xii
- ^ Horrobin, D., A Guide to Kenya and Northern Tanzania, Springer Science & Business Media, p. 33 online
- ^ Barton, J., Notes on the Suk Tribe of Kenia Colony, The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 51 (Jan. - Jun., 1921), pp. 82-99 online