Charcoal iron is the substance created by the smelting of iron ore with charcoal.
All ironmaking blast furnaces were fueled by charcoal until Abraham Darby introduced coke as a fuel in 1709. The more economical coke soon replaced charcoal in British furnaces, but in the United States, where timber for charcoal was abundant, charcoal furnaces lingered much longer. Even after the introduction of anthracite smelting to the US in 1839,[1] and the development of American coke production later in the century, charcoal iron continued to find favor because of its heat-resistance, toughness, and malleability. The last charcoal furnace in the US did not close until 1945.[2]
In Britain, the penultimate furnace built was Alderwasley in 1764, followed by Warsash Furnace in 1869.[3] The last working furnace at Backbarrow converted to coke in 1922.
In Western Australia, pig iron was made using charcoal between 1948 and 1981 at Wundowie.[4] At its peak, operating two charcoal-fueled blast furnaces, the Wundowie charcoal iron and wood distillation plant produced 52,262 tons of iron in 1960/61.[4]
There are still charcoal-based iron and steel making operations in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.[5][6][7]
The traditional Japanese tatara furnace uses charcoal and ironsand to produce a mixture of iron and steel. Small quantities are still made by the Nittoho Tatara in Japan. The tatara smelting process involves direct reduction and—unlike a blast furnace—at no time is the product fully molten. The smelted iron remains in the furnace for an extended period until much of the iron has converted to tamahagane, a steel suitable for making swords.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ Bartholomew & Metz 1988, p. 31.
- ^ Williams 2003, p. 316.
- ^ Ridden, Philip A Gazetteer of Charcoal-fired Blast Furnaces in Great Britain in use since 1660 Merton Priory press, 1987, 2nd edn 1993 ISBN 0-9520009-1-1
- ^ a b Relix & Fiona Bush Heritage and Archaeology. "Wundowie Garden Town Conservation Plan" (PDF). Wundowie Progress Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-10-24.
- ^ Meyers, Henri; Jennings, R. P. (2 November 1979). "Charcoal Ironmaking, A Technical and Economic Review of Brazilian Experience". United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
- ^ Couto, Laércio; Nicholas, Ian; Wright, Lynn (2011). "Short Rotation Eucalypt Plantations for Energy in Brazil" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-01-20.
- ^ Faleiro, R.M.R.; Velloso, C.M.; de Castro, L.F.A.; Sampaio, R.S. (2013). "Statistical Modelling of Charcoal Consumption of V & M do Brasil's Blast Furnaces in Relation to Hot Metal Production and Ferrous Loads" (PDF).
Bibliography
edit- Bartholomew, Craig L.; Metz, Lance E. (1988). Bartholomew, Ann (ed.). The Anthracite Industry of the Lehigh Valley. Center for Canal History and Technology. ISBN 0-930973-08-9.
- Williams, Michael (2003). Deforesting the Earth. University of Chicago Press. p. 316. ISBN 0-226-89926-8. Retrieved 2007-12-23.