A butter churn is a device used to convert cream into butter, a process known as churning. This is done through a mechanical process, frequently via a pole inserted through the lid of the churn, or via a crank used to turn a rotating device inside the churn.
Etymology
editThe word butter is believed by some to derive from the Greek word bou-tyron, the approximate meaning of which is 'cow cheese'. Others believe it came from the Scythian culture, as the ancient Greeks tended to herd sheep and goats, whose milk is not as good for butter making as cow milk, which the Scythians primarily herded.[1]
The word churn is from the Old English ċyrin 'to churn'. This is probably derived from the Old English cyrnel 'kernel', due to the appearance of butter grains after milk has been churned.[2]
The butter churn gave its name and rough form to the milk churn, which is used to transport milk, not churn it.
History
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The use of butter is mentioned in biblical works[3] and the earliest butter churn vessels belonging to Beersheba culture in Israel were found in Bir Abu Matar going back to Chalcolithic period between 6500–5500 BC. [4]
The butter churn in Europe may have existed as early as the 6th century AD, as can be seen by what appears to be a churn lid found in Scotland dating from that era.[5] In the European tradition, the butter churn was primarily a device used by women, and the churning of butter was an essential responsibility along with other household chores.[6] In earlier traditions of butter making, nomadic cultures placed milk in skin bags and produced butter either by shaking the bag manually, or possibly by attaching the bag to a pack animal, and producing butter simply through the movement of the animal. Some theorists believe this is how the butter creation process was discovered. Some cultures still use a process similar to this, whereby a bag is filled with milk, tied to a stick, and vigorously shaken.
Butter churn types
editPlunge churn
editThe most historically prominent types of butter churns are the plunge churn, which is a container, usually made out of wood, where the butter-making action is created by moving in a vertical motion a staff that is inserted into the top. This type of churn is also known as an 'up and down' churn, churning tub, plunger churn, plumping churn, knocker churn, plump-kirn, or plowt-kirn (where "kirn" is a Scots/Northern English word for churn). The staff used in the churn is known as the dash, dasher-staff, churn-staff, churning-stick, plunger, plumper, or kirn-staff.[7]
Paddle churn
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Another prominent type of churn was the paddle churn, which was a container that contained a paddle, which was operated by a handle. The paddle churned the butter inside the container when the handle was turned.
Barrel churn (with crank)
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The barrel churn was also used extensively. This type of churn was a barrel turned onto its side with a crank attached. The crank either turned a paddle device inside the churn, as in the paddle churn, or turned the whole barrel either horizontally or vertically, depending on its construction. Agitation of the cream in this manner converted the milk to butter. The barrel churn was one of the agricultural innovations of 18th century Europe.[8]
Rocking chair churn
editOne particularly novel invention of note was the rocking chair butter churn. This device, invented by Alfred Clark, consisted of a barrel attached to a rocking chair. While the rocking chair moved, the barrel moved and churned the milk within into butter.[9]
See also
edit- Butter-churn tower, named after its similarity to a type of butter churn.
References
edit- ^ Douma, Michael (2008). Butter through the Ages. Institute for Dynamic Educational Development.
- ^ "churn, n." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989. OED Online. Oxford University Press.
- ^ Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition. 2009 pg:1 -1. “Butter.”
- ^ The sign associated with pottery churn from Beersheba, now displayed in the Israel Museum says: "The churn, used for making butter from milk, first appeared in the Chalcolithic Period [6,500–5,500 years ago] and became an important symbol of the time. To speed up the churning process, a rope was tied to the handles, and the churn was rocked back and forth." url: https://ferrelljenkins.blog/2013/05/23/churning-to-make-butter/
- ^ National Museums of Scotland, “Churn Lid.” http://nms.scran.ac.uk/database/record.php?usi=000-100-103-159-C
- ^ Jensen, Joan M.; Johnson, Mary (1983). "What's in a Butter Churn? Objects and Women's Oral History". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 7 (1): 103–108. doi:10.2307/3345974. JSTOR 3345974.
- ^ “Old and Interesting” http://www.oldandinteresting.com/history-butter-churns.aspx
- ^ "Ellis: Butter and Cheese, Soil And Health Library". Archived from the original on 2012-04-11. Retrieved 2007-08-29.
- ^ Sabin, L. "What a Wild Idea." Boys' Life, Sep 1990. 80.1, p. 32.
External links
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