Bluewater Shopping Centre (commonly referred to as Bluewater) is an out-of-town shopping centre in Stone (postally Greenhithe), Kent, England, just outside the M25 motorway ring, 17.8 miles (28.6 km) east south east of London's centre. Opened on 16 March 1999 in a former chalk quarry after ten years of building works, the site (including car parks) occupies 240 acres (97 ha) and has a sales floor area of 154,000 m2 (1,600,000 ft2) over three levels, making it the fifth-largest shopping centre in the UK (after Westfield London, MetroCentre, Trafford Centre and Westfield Stratford City). Elsewhere in Europe only Istanbul's Cevahir Mall and Vienna's (Vösendorf) Shopping City Süd are bigger. The floor plan is a triangular shape with 210 stores, including 3 anchors, 50 cafés and restaurants, and a 17-screen cinema. The centre employs 7,000 people and serves over 27 million visitors a year. A main rival is the Lakeside Shopping Centre and its two retail parks in West Thurrock, Essex, just across the River Thames, 8 miles (13 km) away by road or 3.2 miles (5.1 km) as the crow flies.
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| Location | Stone, Greenhithe, Kent, England |
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| Coordinates | 51°26′23″N 0°16′16″E / 51.4396°N 0.2712°E |
| Address | Bluewater, Greenhithe |
| Opening date | 16 March 1999 |
| Developer | Lendlease |
| Owner | Landsec (55%) Prudential (35%) Hermes (10%)[1] |
| Architect | Eric Kuhne |
| No. of stores and services | 260 |
| No. of anchor tenants | 3 (Marks & Spencer, House of Fraser & John Lewis) |
| Total retail floor area | 1,675,955 square feet (155,701.3 m2) |
| No. of floors | 2 (3 in parts) |
| Parking | 13,000 cars, 50 coaches |
| Public transit access | Bluewater bus stop (see below) |
| Website | bluewater |
It is owned by three major UK institutions: Landsec (55%), Prudential and PRUPIM (35%) and Hermes (10%).[2]
History
editThe Secretary of State[which one?] granted planning permission for the centre in 1990 following an earlier planning inquiry.[3] In 1994, quarry operator Blue Circle approached Australian mall developer Lendlease to form a partnership. Instead, Lend Lease bought the land and the project from Blue Circle, and under the leadership of its CEO Peter Walichnowski gathered a group of major investors, which included: Prudential, Barclays Mercantile, Hermes (acting for Britel), Lloyds Leasing, and Royal Bank Leasing. Lendlease also formed a pool of minor investors, called the Lend Lease Retail Partnership, with 18 institutions and corporations.
John Lewis was the first major tenant to sign up in February 1995, albeit with major concessions, such as the offer of 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2), one fifth of the entire floor space, on three levels.[4] That gave Bluewater credibility to sign more names, including the two other anchor stores: House of Fraser followed in June 1996 by Marks & Spencer. 90% of the retail space was committed by March 1998.
Construction, undertaken by Bovis,[5] started on 1 May 1996. At its peak, the site employed 2,500 workers simultaneously. In all, 20,000 people worked 11.5 million hours on the construction of Bluewater. At the planned opening date, 16 March 1999, Bluewater was inaugurated with 99% of the shops open for business. The total cost of construction was around GBP £400 million.[6]
In May 2005, Bluewater introduced a code of conduct to ban swearing, clothing that obscures the face (including hoods and baseball caps), and groups of more than five without the intention to shop.[7][8] The policy has divided opinion, although Tony Blair did show support.[8] In December 2021 Lendlease sold its 25% shareholding to Landsec.[9]
Redevelopments and expansions
editWith further expansion and development in the shopping centre industry since Bluewater's opening in 1999, perhaps most prominently the entry of Westfield London and Westfield Stratford City into the market, Bluewater has looked to make changes to its offering to keep the centre up to date and provide new and additional customer experiences. Numerous stores have been refurbished, expanded or relocated in recent years as the centre looks to expand and upgrade its mix of retailers, and there have been some major construction projects, mostly centred on the three leisure/dining 'villages', undertaken or proposed.
In late 2006, Dartford Borough Council granted planning permission for Bluewater to build a two-storey events venue[10] of 5200 m2, and further extend the south side of the centre. Construction on the extension began in early 2010, and when completed in 2011 the expansion added more restaurants to the Plaza (formerly Water Circus) section, including a Jamie's Italian, Wagamamas and Browns. The new Glow events centre opened as part of the extension spans two floors, and has held events such as the BBC's Good Food Show: Spring. However, due to low visitors, Glow was closed in 2016, with the space being converted to extra cinema screens, a second Pizza Express restaurant, Creams Dessert Parlour, Rosa's Thai Cafe and Dinotropolis adventure play area on the Upper Level, and a GraVity Trampoline Park on the Lower Level. The events venue was developed alongside the existing entertainment provision in this area, the Showcase cinema which has been present in this area (initially as a Hoyts multiplex) since the opening of Bluewater.
During 2012, the Wintergarden food court area off Rose Gallery was extensively refurbished. Much of the food court was closed for part of the year to enable the work, with McDonald's notably unavailable at Bluewater throughout the period, though the Pizza Hut, Nando's restaurants to the far side of the area (by the centre entrance), and the Ponti's restaurant on the upper mall, remained open during the works. KFC relocated to Thames Walk to continue to trade during the development. When the Wintergarden works completed in October 2012, McDonald's, KFC and Harry Ramsden's returned to their post, along with several new food outlets, most significantly a new Giraffe restaurant (later occupied by Wingstop) which had been constructed adjacent McDonald's. The previous large 'castle'-style McDonald's was replaced with a simple serving counter.[11]
A proposal was put forward in early 2013 to expand the West Village dining and specialist retail area currently sited off the Guildhall. This currently comprises a Waterstones bookshop, a training and recruitment facility, and Costa Coffee shop on the upper mall, and on the lower mall a row of boutique retailers including The Daily Grind, Mr Simms Olde Sweet Shop, Gusto & Daisy's Dog Emporium leading out to a suite of restaurants including Carluccio's, PizzaExpress and others. The proposal would see much of the existing infrastructure demolished and replaced with a new larger two-level 'specialist retail' area, similar to 'The Village' at Westfield London, with upmarket retail and restaurant facilities and mall access to both levels. Existing businesses would have to be relocated or removed from the centre to allow the works to go ahead.[12][13] The proposed redevelopment ultimately did not go ahead, with The Village retaining its extant configuration.
In 2024 it was confirmed that one of the mall's original anchors, House of Fraser, was to close after 25 years in operation. In November 2024 it was announced that Next would be relocated into the vacated space, moving from their existing premises on Thames Walk.[14]
The centre is visited by over 27 million people a year and employs around 7,000 people.[15][16]
Architecture
edit
The principal architect was Eric Kuhne. Other firms involved in the design and branding were Benoy, BDG McColl, RTKO, Henrion Ludlow & Schmidt and Minale Tattersfield.[17]
The main building is a triangle of three malls: Thames Walk, Guildhall and Rose Gallery, with one anchor store at each corner. Curved and tapered glass sections form the roofing over each mall, providing significant natural lighting.[18] The roof vents are inspired by Kentish oast houses.[19]
There are statues of historic trades along the walls above the upper level.[20]
Transport
editThere are over 13,000 free parking spaces, in six car parks.
Rail
editThe nearest railway station to Bluewater is Greenhithe for Bluewater, 1.7 miles away. It is served by Southeastern and Thameslink trains to Luton, London Cannon Street, London Charing Cross, London Victoria, Gravesend and Rainham.[21]
Buses
editArriva Southern Counties, Go-Ahead London (Fastrack routes), Go Coach, Ensignbus, National Express and London Buses routes serve Bluewater bus station.[22][23][24][25]
References
edit- ^ "Bluewater - Home". Archived from the original on 29 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ Bluewater | Corporate Archived 6 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Dartford Borough Council, https://publicaccess.dartford.gov.uk/online-applications/files/83834C5523F0D058C3D6451F4E0ACC8C/pdf/88_00336_OUT--100833414.pdf
- ^ Benoy drawings https://publicaccess.dartford.gov.uk/online-applications/files/23EDA7090DB9D43520EFDAFC6CDEE094/pdf/88_00336_OUT-CHANGE_OF_USE-287865.pdf
- ^ Bovis' reputation is cornering the shopping market Archived 23 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine Contract Journal, 17 September 1997
- ^ Emma Dorreen, editor/project manager; Michael Evamy, writer (1999). Vision to Reality. London: Lend Lease. ISBN 0-9537054-0-4.
- ^ "BBC news-Bluewater introduces code of conduct". 11 May 2005. Archived from the original on 15 March 2009. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ a b Booth, Jenny (12 May 2005). "Timesonline-Bluewater introduces code of conduct". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2009.
- ^ Landsec ups stake in Bluewater as retail values and rents stabilise Retail Week 22 December 2021
- ^ "BBC news-events venue". 5 December 2006. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ ""Bluewater's Wintergarden reopens after multimillion-pound revamp", LunchBusiness, Oct 2012". Archived from the original on 30 October 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ ""Bluewater in huge expansion bid to create 1,500 jobs", KentOnline". Kent Online. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- ^ Greater London Assembly planning report on West Village, PDF Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Beevers, Angela. "Next to triple store footprint at Bluewater", The Retail Bulletin, 2024-11-26
- ^ "Bluewater". gravity-uk.com. 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ "Landsec in talks to buy Lendlease's 25% stake in Bluewater for £200m". Retail Gazette. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2022.
- ^ Design Week https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/19-february-1998/bluewater-runs-deep/
- ^ Architects Journal https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/home/bluewater-roofing-europes-largest-shopping-centre/776887.article Archived 4 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Bluewater, Kent". Landsec. Archived from the original on 17 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ Hatherley, Owen (8 August 2012). "Bluewater thrives by not alarming shoppers with anything new or strange". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "Live departure boards - From: Greenhithe for Bluewater". National Rail Enquiries. Archived from the original on 19 February 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Jessica (21 August 2018). "Arriva announces bus changes in Dartford, Greenhithe and Bluewater". News Shopper. Archived from the original on 4 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "X80 Times & Information" (PDF). Ensignbus. 27 April 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "Bluewater Shopping Centre". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
- ^ "National Express Route 022, Ramsgate to London — National Express Timetables". timetables.nationalexpress.com. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
External links
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