Beatrice Wellington (15 June 1907 – 7 April 1971), also known as Beatrice Gonzales, was a Canadian who worked to evacuate refugees from Czechoslovakia during the early stages of the occupation of that country by Nazi Germany in the months leading up to World War II. She headed the British Committee for Refugees from Czechoslovakia (BCRC) in Prague from April 1939 to August 1939, coordinating the efforts of many humanitarian organizations to help refugees flee Czechoslovakia. Wellington was questioned at length by the Gestapo on several occasions. She was successful in getting the German occupiers of Czechoslovakia to give exit permits to many refugees. In danger of arrest, she resisted the calls of the BCRC in London for her to depart Czechoslovakia and remained there until August 1939, leaving only a month before the beginning of World War II.[1][2][3]
Beatrice Wellington | |
|---|---|
 Beatrice Wellington (before 1948) | |
| Born | Beatrice Gonzales 15 June 1907 Canada |
| Died | 1971 |
| Occupation | Social activist |
| Known for | Helping refugees escape from Nazi-controlled Europe escape |
Early life
editBeatrice Gonzales was a Quaker who was born 15 June 1907 in Canada. Her father abandoned the family when she was young and her stepfather, George Wellington, insisted over her objections that Beatrice adopt his last name. When she applied for her first Canadian passport to travel abroad he made sure her last name was listed as Wellington, something she resented for many years. Before she died, while teaching in Edmonton, Alberta, she changed her name back to Gonzales. Wellington enrolled at the University of British Columbia at the age of 17, and was a 1927 graduate in English and History. She took a job teaching at Point Grey Junior High School (1928–1931) and then high school in Chilliwack (1931–1936).[4]
Czechoslovakia
editThe accession to power of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi party in Germany in 1933 began the flight of refugees, mostly communists, Social Democrats, and Jews to Czechoslovakia. The flow of refugees increased after the Munich Agreement which ceded to Germany the region of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland, Kristalnacht, the anti-Jewish riots in Germany on 9–10 November 1938, stimulated the flight of Jewish refugees.[5][6] In November 1938, the number of registered refugees in Czechoslovakia was 92,000. An additional 150,000, mostly Jews, were unregistered, fearing that registering and identification would make them targets in a country increasingly under Nazi control.[7]
To see for herself the nature of the growing conflicts in Europe in the mid-1930s, Wellington took a year's leave of absence from teaching and went to Geneva, Switzerland, though the details of her employment remain obscure. A 1938 report from a Vancouver newspaper said that she "was appointed to take charge of a YWCA summer camp in Czechoslovakia.[8]
Arriving in Prague during the fall of 1938, Wellington procured false documents, visas, and forged exit permits which permitted refugee and endangered Czech families to leave the country. How she accomplished this is unclear. She was connected with the Czech Refugee Institute which was involved with Jewish emigration. For example, on 25 December 1938, she told a Unitarian minister, H. J. McLachlan, that the Institute had just arranged for 149 Czech refugees to emigrate to Paraguay. On 21 January 1939, she is recorded as having attended a meeting of the British Committee on Refugees from Czechoslovakia (BCRC). [9][10]
On 14 April, the Germans raided the hostel where Wellington was living and interrogated her that day and the following day for six hours, accusing her of illegal activities. The raid caused the BCRC to encourage humanitarian workers to leave Czechoslovakia but Wellington refused to leave. On 24 April, the head of BCRC, Doreen Warriner, left the country after being informed that she was on a Gestapo list to be arrested. Wellington became the leader of the BCRC, an umbrella organization which coordinated and collaborated with a number of humanitarian organizations in Czechoslovakia.[11]
Wellington's task was to obtain exit documents from the German occupiers for individuals and families whose names were given her by the Quakers, Unitarians, and other organizations dealing with the refugees. Wellington was nothing if not aggressive. Nearly every day she was in the office of Gestapo officer Karl Bömelburg requesting, and usually getting, exit permits for 500 women and children she had identified as most vulnerable to political oppression. As she stayed in Prague after the departure of her British colleagues she was under severe mental strain. She battled also with the BCRC in London, rejecting several attempts to recall her to Britain. She finally left Prague on 3 August 1939 and journeyed to London.[12][13]
Later life
editOn her return to Britain, Wellington worked for the Czechoslovak Refugee Trust Fund (the government-controlled successor to the BCRC), inciting both "admiration and annoyance". One of her jobs was correcting fraudulent names and information she had created to secure exit visas for refugees. She worked for the United Nations in Poland after the war, but returned to Britain and hence Canada in 1948 after catching typhoid. Her fragile health was complicated by diabetes. She spent some time as a patient in a mental hospital before again becoming a school teacher. In 1971 while teaching in Edmonton she cut her foot. The wound became septic and she died on 7 April 1971.[14]
After her death, her family endowed the Beatrice Wellington Gonzales Memorial Scholarship at the University of British Columbia and cited "[Wellington's] strenuous and successful efforts to protect and salvage the lives of political refugees in Europe prior to and during World War II. In making this award, special consideration will be given to students who like Miss Gonzales are concerned about the plight of individuals.[15]
References
edit- ^ "Prague Peace Trail". praguepeacetrail.org. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- ^ Brinson, Charmian; Dove, Richard (2014). "Part II: Secrets, Lies and Misinterpretations, Chapter 14 About the most dangerous of all these organisations: The Czech Refugee Trust Fund". A Matter of Intelligence: MI5 and the Surveillance of Anti-Nazi Refugees, 1933–1950. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9780719090790.
- ^ Subak, Susan Elisabeth (2010). Rescue and Flight: American Relief Workers Who Defied the Nazis. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 9780803230170.
- ^ Chadwick, William (2010). The Rescue of the Prague Refugees 1938-39. Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. 113–114. ISBN 978-1-84876-504-7.
- ^ Brade, Laura E. (2017). "Networks of Escape: Jewish Flight from the Bohemian Lands, 1938-1941". Carolina Digital Depository. University of North Carolina. p. 33. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ "German Jewish Refugees, 1933-1939". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States National Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
- ^ Brade, Laura E.; Holmes, Rose (2017). "Troublesome Sainthood: Nicholas Winton and the Contested History of Child Rescue in Prague, 1938-1940". History and Memory. 29 (1): 8. doi:10.2979/histmemo.29.0003 (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 10 October 2024.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link) - ^ Chadwick 2010, pp. 114–116.
- ^ Chadwick 2010, p. 115-118.
- ^ Kotzin, C.R. (1999). "The Diary of a Refugee Aid Worker: Reverend H. J. McLachlan in Czechoslovakia, 1938-1939". The Journal of Holocaust Education. 8 (2): 64. doi:10.1080/17504902.1999.11087087.
- ^ Warriner, Doreen (1984). "Winter in Prague". The Slavonic and East European Review. 62 (2): 236–239. JSTOR 4208852.
- ^ Chadwick 2010, pp. 122–128.
- ^ Brade 2017, pp. 164–165.
- ^ Chadwick 2010, pp. 128–131.
- ^ Chadwick 2010, pp. 136–137.