Beatrice Alice Hicks (January 2, 1919 – October 21, 1979) was an American engineer, the first woman engineer to be hired by Western Electric, and both co-founder and first president of the Society of Women Engineers.[1] Despite entering the field at a time where engineering was seen as an inappropriate career for a woman, Hicks held a variety of leadership positions and eventually became the owner of an engineering firm. During her time there, Hicks developed a gas density switch that would be used in the U.S. space program, including the Apollo Moon landing missions.
Beatrice Hicks | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Beatrice Alice Hicks January 2, 1919[citation needed] Orange, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Died | October 21, 1979 (aged 60) Princeton, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Occupation | Engineer |
| Spouse | Rodney Duane Chipp (m. 1948) |
| Engineering career | |
| Institutions | Newark College of Engineering BS Stevens Institute of Technology MS |
| Significant advance | Founding the Society of Women Engineers in 1950 |
Early life and education
editBeatrice Alice Hicks was born in 1919 in Orange, New Jersey, to Florence Benedict and William Lux Hicks, a chemical engineer.[2] Hicks decided at an early age that she wished to be an engineer. While her parents neither supported nor opposed Hicks' desired career path, some of her teachers and classmates tried to discourage her from becoming an engineer, viewing it as a socially unacceptable role for a woman.[3]
She graduated from Orange High School in 1935 and received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Newark College of Engineering (now New Jersey Institute of Technology) in 1939,[2] one of only two women in her class.[4] During college, Hicks worked in the treasury office of an Abercrombie & Fitch store as a telephone operator, and in the university's library.[3]
After receiving her undergraduate degree, Hicks stayed at Newark College of Engineering for three years as a research assistant, where she studied the history of Edward Weston's inventions and took additional classes at night.[2][3]
Career
editIn 1942 Hicks took a job at the Western Electric Company, designing and testing quartz crystal oscillators in Kearny, New Jersey.[2] She was the first woman to be employed by Western Electric as an engineer, and she spent three years working there.[3]
Upon the death of her father, she joined the Bloomfield, New Jersey–based Newark Controls Company, a metalworking firm that her father had founded. Hicks served as chief engineer and then as vice president in charge of engineering, before purchasing control of the company from her uncle in 1955. Hicks designed and patented a gas density switch later used in the U.S. space program, including the Moon landing, and was a pioneer in the field of sensors that detected when devices were reaching structural limits.[2][4] Hicks authored several technical papers on the gas density switch.[5]
While at Newark Controls Hicks pursued a master's degree in physics, which she received in 1949 from the Stevens Institute of Technology.[3] While pursuing a master's degree from the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hicks completed some graduate electrical engineering courses at Columbia University.[6]
In 1960 Hicks and her husband were selected by the National Society of Professional Engineers for a month-long research and speaking tour of South America, which focused on international cooperation between American and South American engineers.[2] When he died in 1966, Hicks sold off Newark Controls Company and took over her late husband's consulting business.[2]
Hicks was also selected to serve on the Defense Advisory Committee for Women in Services between 1960 and 1963, and represented the United States at four International Management Congresses.[5]
Society of Women Engineers
editIn 1950 Hicks and other women based on the East coast of the United States began meeting in an organization, the goal of which was to advance female engineers and increase female participation in engineering. The organization was incorporated as the Society of Women Engineers (SWE) two years later. Hicks served as the president of SWE for two consecutive terms, from 1950 to 1952.[2] In 1963 the Society of Women Engineers presented her with their highest honor, the Society of Women Engineers Achievement Award.[2] Hicks toured the United States, championing the cause of female engineers through outreach and speaking engagements.[7] She believed that while female engineers would initially be closely watched, they would also be quickly accepted.[2][3]
Alongside her SWE colleagues, including Ruth Shafer, Hicks organised the First International Conference of Women Engineers and Scientists in New York in 1964.[8]
Personal life
editIn 1948 Hicks married fellow engineer Rodney Duane Chipp (d. 1966) who held two director-level engineering positions before starting a consulting firm.[5]
Beatrice Hicks died on October 21, 1979, in Princeton, New Jersey.[2]
Awards and professional honors
editBecause of her role in Newark Controls Company, Mademoiselle magazine named Hicks "Woman of the Year in Business" in 1952.[2] In 1978 Hicks was invited to join the National Academy of Engineering, the highest professional honor in engineering, and became the sixth woman to join the organization.[2] In 2002 Hicks was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[9]
Hicks received honorary doctorates from Hobart and William Smith College, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Stevens Institute of Technology, and Worcester Polytechnic Institute. She was the first female recipient of an honorary doctorate from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. She was a member of both the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.[1]
Hicks invented a special gas-density monitor for which she received a patent, this monitor proved to be valuable in the rapidly growing American space program.[6]
In 2017, Hicks was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame.[10]
References
edit- ^ a b "Beatrice Alice Hicks". IEEE Global History Network. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m James, Edward T.; James, Janet Wilson; Boyer, Paul S. (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 5: Completing the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 978-0674014886.
- ^ a b c d e f "Hicks, Beatrice A. Jan. 2, 1919– Engineering executive". Current Biography. The H. W. Wilson Company. 1957.
- ^ a b Cummings, Charles F. (March 9, 2000). "Knowing Newark". The Star-Ledger. Newark, NJ.
- ^ a b c National Academy of Engineering of the United States of America (1984). Memorial tributes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. p. 118. ISBN 0309034825.
- ^ a b BIX, Amy Sue (2013). GIRLS COMING TO TECH! A HISTORY OF AMERICAN ENGINEERING EDUCATION FOR WOMEN. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: THE MIT PRESS. pp. 36. ISBN 978-0-262-01954-5.
- ^ "Oral-History:Alva Matthews Solomon". ETHW. January 12, 2015. Retrieved March 10, 2024.
- ^ Frize, Monique; Deschênes, Claire; Heap, Ruby (2024), "ICWES-I, Setting the Stage: ICWES-I, New York City, USA, June 15–21, 1964", Women’s Contribution to Science and Technology through ICWES Conferences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 11–31, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33800-7_2, ISBN 978-3-031-33799-4, retrieved March 10, 2024
- ^ "2002 National Women's Hall of Fame inductees". The Associated Press State & Local Wire. Associated Press. October 5, 2002.
- ^ "NIHF Inductee Beatrice Hicks Invented a Gas Density Device". November 17, 2023.