Comet Kopff or 22P/Kopff is a periodic comet in the Solar System. Discovered on August 23, 1906, it was named after August Kopff who discovered the comet. The comet was missed on its November 1912 return, but was recovered on its June 1919 return and has been seen at every apparition since.[3] Close approaches to Jupiter in 1938[5] and 1943 decreased the perihelion distance and orbital period.[6][7] 22P/Kopff’s last perihelion passage was 18 March 2022.[1] On 13 July 2028 it will pass 0.353 AU (52.8 million km) from Earth.[5]
 14" reflector imaged on 2009-06-27 | |
| Discovery | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | August Kopff |
| Discovery date | August 23, 1906 |
| Designations | |
| 1906 Q1, 1919 O1 | |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Epoch | December 9, 2014 |
| Aphelion | 3.446 AU |
| Perihelion | 1.559 AU |
| Semi-major axis | 3.467 AU |
| Eccentricity | 0.5433 |
| Orbital period | 6.40 yr |
| Inclination | 4.737° |
| Last perihelion | March 18, 2022[1] October 25, 2015[2] May 25, 2009[3] |
| Next perihelion | 2028-Jun-28[4] |
| Jupiter MOID | 0.077 AU (11,500,000 km)[5] |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 3.0 km[5] |
Observations
edit| Perihelion distance at different epochs | |||||||
| Epoch | Perihelion (AU) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1906 | 1.70 | ||||||
| 1945 | 1.50 | ||||||
| 1958 | 1.52 | ||||||
| 1990 | 1.58 | ||||||
| 2028 | 1.32[4] | ||||||
| 2039 | 1.19 | ||||||
22P/Kopff was discovered at Königstuhl Observatory on Heidelberg, Germany.[7] Kopff analyzed photographic plates which he exposed on August 20, 1903, against pre-discovery images of the same region. On August 23, 1903, Kopff concluded it to be a comet with an estimated apparent magnitude of 11. On mid-September 1906, the short-period nature of the comet was recognized by a team headed by Kiel Ebell of the Berkeley Astronomical Department. The comet was missed when it made a return on November 25, 1912, however on June 25, 1919, astronomers recovered the comet. The comet was located less than three days from the predicted position. Over the next several returns to Earth, none were notable until the 1945 comet’s return when the comet peaked at magnitude 8.5. The increase in brightness was a result of Jupiter altering the comet’s orbit between the years of 1939 to 1945. This change in orbit brought the comet closer to the Sun. The 1951 return was unique due to the comet being 3 magnitudes fainter than what was expected when recovered in April 1951. But the comet still reached magnitude 10.5 in October 1951. A very close pass to Jupiter in 1954 increased the comet’s perihelion distance to 1.52 AU and increased the orbital period to 6.31 years.[7] On November 30, 1994, Carl W. Hergenrother was able to recover the comet at a stellar magnitude of 22.8 using the 1.5-m reflector at the Catalina Sky Survey.[7] The comet reached magnitude 7 during the 1996 perihelion passage.[8]
The comet nucleus is estimated to be 3.0 kilometers in diameter with an albedo of 0.05.[5] The nucleus is dark because hydrocarbons on the surface have been converted to a dark, tarry like substance by solar ultraviolet radiation.
Exploration
edit22P/Kopff was the planned target for the joint NASA/ESA Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) mission. The spacecraft would have launched in February 1996 and after a flyby of Earth and 449 Hamburga reached 22P/Kopff in August 2001. The CRAF mission was developed in tandem with the Cassini-Huygens mission. It was cancelled due to cost overruns in 1992.
References
edit- ^ a b MPC
- ^ Syuichi Nakano (2009-02-16). "22P/Kopff (NK 1749)". OAA Computing and Minor Planet Sections. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
- ^ a b "22P/Kopff (Returns and Appearances)". Seiichi Yoshida Comet Catalog. Retrieved 2010-02-24.
- ^ a b "Horizons Batch for 22P/Kopff (90000339) on 2028-Jun-28" (Perihelion occurs when rdot flips from negative to positive). JPL Horizons. Retrieved 2022-06-16. (JPL#K222/6 Soln.date: 2022-Jun-08)
- ^ a b c d e "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 22P/Kopff" (last observation: 2014-03-29). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 2014-10-27.
- ^ "22P at Kazuo Kinoshita's Comets". 2014-02-13.
- ^ a b c d Kronk, Gary W. "22P/Kopff". Cometography. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
- ^ "22P/Kopff (1996)". Seiichi Yoshida. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
External links
edit- Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris
- Elements and Ephemeris for 22P/Kopff – Minor Planet Center
- 22P/Kopff at CometBase
- 22P – Gary W. Kronk's Cometography
- 22P at Kazuo Kinoshita's Comets
- 22P/Kopff / 2009 – Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net