The year 1954 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Astronomy
edit- November 30 – In Sylacauga, Alabama, an 8.5 pound sulfide meteorite crashes through a roof and hits Mrs. Elizabeth Hodges in her living room after bouncing off her radio, giving her a bad bruise; the first known modern case of a human being hit by a space rock.
Biology
edit- January 10 – Last confirmed specimen of a Caspian tiger is killed, in the valley of the Sumbar River in the Kopet Dag Mountains of Turkmenistan.[1]
- Daniel I. Arnon demonstrates in the laboratory the chemical function of photosynthesis in chloroplasts.[2][3]
- Heinz Sielmann makes the pioneering nature documentary about woodpeckers, Zimmerleute des Waldes ("Carpenters of the forest").
- Eduard Paul Tratz and Heinz Heck propose the species name bonobo for what was previously known as the pygmy chimpanzee.[4]
Chemistry
edit- Publication of the first analysis of the three-dimensional molecular structure of vitamin B12 by a group including Dorothy Hodgkin, and utilising computer analysis provided by Kenneth Nyitray Trueblood.[5][6]
- Strychnine total synthesis is first achieved in the laboratory by Robert Burns Woodward's team at Harvard.[7][8][9][10]
- The Wittig reaction is discovered by German chemist Georg Wittig.
Computer science
edit- January – The TRADIC Phase One computer is completed at Bell Labs in the United States, a candidate to be regarded as the first transistor computer.[11]
- January 7 – Georgetown–IBM experiment: the first public demonstration of a machine translation system held in New York at the head office of IBM.
Geology
edit- December 31 – The first specimens of the mineral benstonite are collected by Orlando J. Benston in the Magnet Cove igneous complex of Arkansas.[12]
History of science
edit- Joseph Needham begins publication of Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge University Press).
- A History of Technology, edited by Charles Singer, E. J. Holmyard and A. R. Hall, begins publication (Oxford University Press).
Mathematics
edit- January 6 – The Luhn algorithm, devised by IBM information scientist Hans Peter Luhn, is described in a United States patent.[13]
- Klaus Roth publishes a paper[14] laying the foundations for modern discrepancy theory.
- Leonard Jimmie Savage publishes Foundations of Statistics, promoting Bayesian statistics.
Medicine
edit- February 23 – The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
- August 10 – British epidemiologist Richard Doll submits a study on the risk to workers in asbestos manufacture of mortality from lung cancer.[15]
- The first organ transplants are done in Boston and Paris.
- December 23 – Joseph Murray at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston carries out the first successful kidney transplant, between identical twins.[16]
- The first of the anti-psychotic phenothiazine drugs, Chlorpromazine, starts being sold under the trade names Thorazine (U.S.) and Largactil (U.K.)
- The sucrose gap is introduced by Robert Stämpfli for the reliable measurement of action potential in nerve fibers.[17][18]
Metrology
edit- 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures proposes the six original SI base units.
- Alexander Macmillan publishes the "Macmillan correction" to account for errors in the calculation of velocity of an object moving along a gradient due to viscous effects and wall proximity.
Physics
edit- January 2 – Harold Hopkins and Narinder Singh Kapany at Imperial College London report achieving low-loss light transmission through a 75 cm long optical fiber bundle.[19]
- March 1 – Castle Bravo: United States carries out a thermonuclear weapon test on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
- September 29 – CERN is founded by twelve European states.[20]
- First tokamak built, in the Soviet Union.[21]
Psychology
edit- Summer – Robbers Cave Experiment carried out by Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif.[22]
- Man Meets Dog is published by Konrad Lorenz.
Technology
edit- June 26 – Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant, the first civilian nuclear power station, is commissioned in the Soviet Union.[23]
- June 29 – Buckminster Fuller is granted a United States patent for his development of the geodesic dome.[24]
- September 30 – The submarine USS Nautilus (SSN-571), the first atomic-powered vessel, is commissioned by the United States Navy.
- October 18 – Texas Instruments announces development of the first commercial transistor radio, the Regency TR-1, manufactured in Indianapolis; it goes on sale the following month.
- December 16 – The first synthetic diamond is produced.[25]
- New Zealand engineer Sir William Hamilton develops the first pump-jet engine (the "Hamilton Jet") capable of propelling a jetboat.[26]
- The first electric drip brew coffeemaker is patented in Germany and named the Wigomat after its inventor Gottlob Widmann.[27]
- Staley T. McBrayer invents the Vanguard web offset press for newspaper printing in Fort Worth, Texas.[28]
- The Angle grinder is invented by German company Ackermann + Schmitt (Flex-Elektrowerkzeuge).
Awards
edit- Fields Prize in Mathematics: Kunihiko Kodaira and Jean-Pierre Serre, the latter being the youngest-ever winner, at age 27
- Nobel Prizes
Births
edit- January 16 – Morten P. Meldal, Danish Nobel Chemistry laureate, 2022.[29]
- February 9 – Kevin Warwick, English scientist, author of March of the Machines.
- March – Clare Marx, English surgeon.
- May 14 – Peter J. Ratcliffe, English cellular biologist, Nobel Medicine laureate, 2019.
- June 20 – Ilan Ramon (died 2003), Israeli astronaut.
- July 11 – Julia King, English materials engineer.
- July 17 – Angela Kasner, German physical chemist and Chancellor.
- August 28 – George M. Church, American geneticist, molecular engineer and chemist.
- September 5 – Myeong-Hee Yu, South Korean microbiologist.
- November 1 – Graham Colditz, Australian-born epidemiologist.
- November 7 – Vijay Kumar, Indian molecular biologist.
- Pat Hanrahan, American computer scientist.
- George McGavin, Scottish entomologist.
- Huda Zoghbi, Lebanese-born geneticist.
Deaths
edit- January 17 – Leonard Eugene Dickson (born 1874), American mathematician.
- March 7
- Otto Diels (born 1876), German Nobel Chemistry laureate, 1950.
- Ludwik Hirszfeld (born 1884), Polish microbiologist and serologist.
- April 10 – Auguste Lumière (born 1862), French inventor, film pioneer.
- April 21 – Emil Post (born 1897), American mathematician and logician.
- June 7 – Alan Turing (born 1912), English mathematician and computer scientist (probable suicide).[30]
- July 11 – Henry Valentine Knaggs (born 1859), English practitioner of naturopathic medicine.
- October 3 – Vera Gaze (born 1899), Soviet Russian astronomer.
- October 8 – Dimitrie Pompeiu (born 1873), Romanian mathematician.
- November 29 – Enrico Fermi (born 1901), Italian American physicist.
References
edit- ^ Dement'yev and Rustamov (1985). The Red Data Book of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat: Turkmenistan Publishing House.
- ^ Arnon, Daniel I.; Allen, Mary B.; Whatley, F. R. (1954). "Photosynthesis by Isolated Chloroplasts". Nature. 174 (4426): 394–6. Bibcode:1954Natur.174..394A. doi:10.1038/174394a0. PMID 13194001. S2CID 2462316.
- ^ Laurence, William L. (December 30, 1954). "Sun is Harnessed to Create Food: Science Team on the Coast Duplicates Photosynthesis Outside Plants' Cells". The New York Times. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ de Waal, Frans B. M., ed. (2002). Tree of Origin: What Primate Behavior Can Tell Us About Human Social Evolution. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-674-00460-4.
- ^ Brink, Clara; Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot; Lindsey, June; Pickworth, Jenny; Robertson, John H.; White, John G. (December 25, 1954). "X-ray Crystallographic Evidence on the Structure of Vitamin B12". Nature. 174 (4443): 1169–117. Bibcode:1954Natur.174.1169B. doi:10.1038/1741169a0. PMID 13223773. S2CID 4207158.
- ^ Glusker, Jenny P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)". Protein Science. 3 (12): 2465–2469. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.
- ^ Nicolaou, K. C.; Sorensen, E. J. (1996). Classics in Total Synthesis: Targets, Strategies, Methods. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-29231-8.
- ^ Nicolaou, K. C.; Vourloumis, Dionisios; Winssinger, Nicolas; Baran, Phil S. (2000). "The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 39 (1): 44–122.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bonjoch, Josep; Sole, Daniel (2000). "Synthesis of Strychnine". Chemical Reviews. 100 (9): 3455–3482. doi:10.1021/cr9902547. PMID 11777429.
- ^ Proudfoot, John R. (2013). "Reaction Schemes Visualized in Network Form: The Syntheses of Strychnine as an Example". Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling. 53 (5): 1035–1042. doi:10.1021/ci300556b. PMID 23597302.
- ^ Irvine, M. M. (2001). "Early Digital Computers at Bell Telephone Laboratories". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 23 (3): 22–42. doi:10.1109/85.948904. Retrieved June 7, 2009.
- ^ "Benstonite". Mindat. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
- ^ No. 2,950,048.
- ^ Roth, K. F. (1954). "On irregularities of distribution". Mathematika. 1 (2): 73–79. doi:10.1112/S0025579300000541. MR 0066435.
- ^ Doll, Richard (1955). "Mortality from lung cancer in asbestos workers". British Journal of Industrial Medicine. 12 (6): 81–6. doi:10.1136/oem.50.6.485. PMC 1035472. PMID 8329311.
- ^ "Donor Of First Successful Organ Transplant Dies 56 Years Later". The Huffington Post. December 29, 2010. Retrieved March 15, 2011.
- ^ Stämpfli, R. (1954). "A new method for measuring membrane potentials with external electrodes". Experientia. 10 (12): 508–509. doi:10.1007/BF02166189. PMID 14353097. S2CID 41384989.
- ^ Akert, K. (August 1996). Swiss Contributions to the Neurosciences in Four Hundred Years: From the Renaissance to the Present. Verlag der Fachvereine Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH Zurich. ISBN 978-3728123626.
- ^ Hopkins, H. H.; Kapany, N. S. (1954). "A flexible fibrescope, using static scanning". Nature. 173 (4392): 39. Bibcode:1954Natur.173...39H. doi:10.1038/173039b0. S2CID 4275331.
- ^ "1954: foundations for European science". CERN. 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2011.
- ^ Reshetov, V. (November 13, 2013). "An ocean of energy" (in Russian). Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
- ^ Sherif, M.; Harvey, O. J.; White, B. J.; Hood, W.; Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup Conflict and Cooperation: The Robbers Cave Experiment. Norman, Oklahoma: University Book Exchange.
- ^ "Nuclear Power in Russia". World Nuclear Association. December 2011. Archived from the original on February 13, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2011.
- ^ U.S. patent 2,682,235.
- ^ Bundy, F. P.; Hall, H. T.; Strong, H. M.; Wentorf, R. H. (1955). "Man-made diamonds" (PDF). Nature. 176 (4471): 51–55. Bibcode:1955Natur.176...51B. doi:10.1038/176051a0. S2CID 4266566. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 8, 2014.
- ^ "Sir William Hamilton OBE". HamiltonJet. 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
- ^ "Sixty years of the Federal Republic of Germany – a retrospective of everyday life". Archived from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved December 28, 2002.
- ^ "Staley McBrayer, 92; Inventor of Offset Press for Newspaper Printing". Los Angeles Times. April 18, 2002. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- ^ "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022" (Press release). The Nobel Prize. October 5, 2022. Retrieved October 6, 2022.
- ^ "Alan Turing | Biography, Facts, & Education". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved February 14, 2020.