Parliamentary elections[1] for a Constituent Assembly[2] were held in Albania on 2 December 1945. Voters were presented with a single list from the Democratic Front, organized and led by the Communist Party of Albania. The Front won all 82 seats.[3]
Background
editAs the Albanian National Liberation War of 1941-1944 came to a close, an interim Democratic Government of Albania was established on 20 October 1944 by a second meeting of the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council (which had been established in Përmet in May that year) Its Prime Minister was Enver Hoxha, Secretary-General of the Communist Party of Albania.
During the National Liberation War the Communist Party was the only consistent anti-fascist political and military force.[4] Two rival organizations, the Balli Kombëtar and the Legaliteti, had their prestige amongst the populace tarnished through collaboration with the German occupiers against the partisan forces led by the Communists.[5] By the end of the war both organizations had been defeated.[6]
The Democratic Front, which succeeded the wartime National Liberation Front in August 1945, had no other political parties within it besides the Communist Party of Albania, with bourgeois-democratic and general patriotic persons being united within the Front as non-Party members. "The Communist Party did not exclude cooperation with anti-fascist political parties and bringing them into the National Liberation Front," Albanian Professor Ndreçi Plasari stated in 1974, "if such parties had been created."[7]
In September 1945 a third meeting of the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council was held, resulting in the adoption of a law on the formation of a Constituent Assembly as well as laws on the election of representatives to this Assembly and on the list of candidates on the basis of "general, equal, direct and secret ballot, and the necessary guarantees for the free exercise of the citizens' electoral rights."[8] At this meeting, however, the liberal Education Minister in the Democratic Government, Gjergj Kokoshi, criticized the electoral law, calling it "anti-democratic" and calling for the Communist Party to play a secondary rather than primary role in the affairs of the Front.[9][10] Hoxha responded to these criticisms by saying: "The people organized in the Democratic Front, present their own candidates to the Assembly in the lists of the Front. If those who are outside the Front desire to be elected, let them present their candidatures individually. The draft law recognizes them this right and, indeed, will defend it."[11] Kokoshi replied that independent candidates "are doomed to failure, because these elements are not organized in political parties and do not have their own press or propaganda. On the other hand, the men of the state power are all in the Front, thus no guarantees are given that other candidates will be elected."[12]
Another member of the Front, Siri Shpallo, replied to these criticisms, saying that, "The fact that no other group has been able to organize itself after ten months of liberation means that the creation of such groups has not been in the interests of the people. The people are with the Front. If there are some who want to organize themselves outside the Front, let them try, but they will run up against the strength of the Front and will lose. There is nothing we can do about this."[13] Kokoshi and a number of other non-communist Front members would later be accused of attempting to set up illegal opposition to the Front and government with the assistance of the British Military Mission in Albania, which had called on the Democratic Government to grant foreign observers first-hand access to the electoral process along with the holding of what it termed "free elections" as a precondition for the United Kingdom to provide diplomatic recognition to Albania.[14]
During the electoral campaign all Albanian citizens aged 18 and older, male and female alike, could vote, although former members of the governments set up by the occupiers during the war, political fugitives, war criminals, and "enemies of the people" were deprived of this right.[15] The Front presented its own list during the election in opposition to "some separate candidates who represented the bourgeois circles, but [who] failed completely from lack of support among the people."[16] The Palm Beach Post noted that there were eighteen such candidates.[17] Due to the overwhelming illiteracy of the population, voting was conducted by a small rubber ball stamped with a black eagle dropped either into a red ballot box for Front candidates or a black one for independents, with the voter putting his or her hand into both boxes to avoid others knowing who they had voted for.[18]
American and British diplomatic observers concluded that the election had been fairly conducted and reflected the popularity of the Democratic Front.[19] This opinion was also shared by foreign press correspondents who had visited the country to observe the elections.[20] This was despite the Communists resorting to terror and propaganda to cow their opponents.[3]
Results
edit| Party | Votes | % | Seats | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic Front | 506,319 | 93.18 | 82 | |
| Independents | 277 | 0.05 | 0 | |
| Against all | 36,758 | 6.77 | – | |
| Total | 543,354 | 100.00 | 82 | |
| Total votes | 543,354 | – | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 603,566 | 90.02 | ||
| Source: Gazeta Liberale | ||||
Aftermath
editThe representatives elected were, with few exceptions, members of the Communist Party.[21] The Constituent Assembly was first convened on 10 January 1946. At 12.00 AM on 11 January, during its second session, the Assembly unanimously proclaimed Albania a People's Republic at the proposal of Hysni Kapo, formally abolishing the prewar monarchy and forbidding King Zog and his heirs from reentering the country.[22] On 12 January the Presidium of the Assembly was elected after some opposition from liberal and conservative deputies, with Omer Nishani being elected Chairman of the Presidium and the Presidium itself comprising Enver Hoxha, Myslim Peza, Nako Spiru, Medar Shtylla, Sami Baholli, Ramadan Çitaku, Qirjako Harito and others.[23] After a period of public debate and discussion on the constitutional draft, Albania's first postwar Constitution was enacted on 14 March and the Constituent Assembly was then turned into the People's Assembly.[24] On 18 March Enver Hoxha was tasked by this Assembly on its first meeting with forming a new government, which was approved on 22 March and sworn in on 24 March with Hoxha as Chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister).[25]
References
edit- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver. Elections in Europe: A Data Handbook. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. 2010. p. 133.
- ^ Stavro Skendi. Albania. New York, NY: Frederick A. Praeger. 1956. p. 23.
- ^ a b Consolidation of Power and Initial Reforms. Library of Congress Federal Research Division, 1994.
- ^ Milorad M. Drachkovitch (ed). East Central Europe: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. 1982. p. 192.
- ^ William Ash. Pickaxe and Rifle: The Story of the Albanian People. London: Howard Baker Press Ltd. 1974. pp. 57-60.
- ^ Peter R. Prifti. Socialist Albania since 1944: Domestic and Foreign Developments. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. 1978. pp. 18-20.
- ^ Academy of Sciences, Institute of Marxist-Leninist Studies at the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania, & Tirana University. The National Conference of Studies on the Anti-fascist National Liberation War of the Albanian People. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1975. p. 57.
- ^ Luan Omari & Stefanaq Pollo. The History of the Socialist Construction of Albania. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1988. pp. 40-41.
- ^ Enver Hoxha. Selected Works Vol. I. Tirana: 8 Nëntori Publishing House. 1974. p. 441. (footnote 5)
- ^ Enver Hoxha. Laying the Foundations of the New Albania. London: Workers' Publishing House. 1984. p. 522.
- ^ Hoxha (1984), p. 553.
- ^ Hoxha (1984), pp. 553-554.
- ^ Hoxha (1984), p. 554.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, pp. 23-25, 83-84.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, p. 41.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, p. 41.
- ^ The Palm Beach Post[permanent dead link] Dec. 3, 1945.
- ^ Miranda Vickers. The Albanians: A Modern History. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. 1999. p. 164.
- ^ Drachkovitch, pp. 195-196.
- ^ Owen Pearson. Albania in Occupation and War: From Fascism to Communism, 1940-1945. London: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. 2005. p. 487. See also Omari & Pollo, p. 84.
- ^ Anton Logoreci. The Albanians: Europe's Forgotten Survivors. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. 1977. p. 86.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, p. 42.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, p. 43.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, p. 43.
- ^ Omari & Pollo, p. 47, 53.