Content deleted Content added
Franjo Tahy (talk | contribs) |
Franjo Tahy (talk | contribs) |
||
Line 55:
|source=<ref>{{Cite book |last=Klaić |first=Nada |title=Izvori za hrvatsku povijest do 1526. godine |publisher=Fortuna |year=2019 |isbn=978-953-7704-18-6 |location=Zagreb |pages=68–69 |language=hr}}</ref>
|title=king Zvonimir's coronation oath}}Krešimir IV was succeeded by [[Demetrius Zvonimir of Croatia|Demetrius Zvonimir]] who married Hungarian princess [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Helen]] and ruled from [[Knin]] as his capital. Zvonimir's rule was marked by stability.<ref>Macan, 41</ref> He was a papal vassal and enjoyed a papal protection as seen when his kingdom was threatened by an invasion of knight Wezelin, who was deterred after pope threatened to excommunicate him.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Zvonimir {{!}} Hrvatska enciklopedija |url=https://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=67581 |access-date=2023-07-28 |website=www.enciklopedija.hr}}</ref> He had a son named Radovan who died at young age, so Zvonimir left no male heir when he died in 1089.<ref name=":11" /><ref>Macan, 42</ref>
In 1096, a group of crusaders led by [[Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse|Raymond of Toulouse]] going on first crusade passed through mountainous parts of Croatia. The crusaders were met with hostile locals who attacked crusader columns, while Raymond of Toulouse brutally retailated by mutilating those attackers whom they managed to capture. Historian Krešimir Kužić explains these hostilities by the "state of anarchy" which was then in Croatia.<ref>Kužić, Hrvati i križari, 24-27</ref>
He was succeeded by [[Stephen II of Croatia|Stjepan II]] who died in 1091, ending the [[House of Trpimirović|Trpimirović]] dynasty, [[Ladislaus I of Hungary]] then claimed the Croatian crown on the basis of Zvonimir's wife [[Helena of Hungary, Queen of Croatia|Jelena (Helen)]], who was the daughter of Hungarian king [[Béla I of Hungary|Béla I]]. Opposition to this claim led to a [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain|war]] between the army loyal to [[Petar Snačić]], another pretender to the throne<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-14 |title=HRVATSKI KRALJEVI (12) Petar Snačić, posljednji kralj narodne krvi, poginuo je od mađarske ruke na Gvozdu |url=https://www.croexpress.eu/hrvatski-kraljevi-12-petar-snacic-posljednji-kralj-narodne-krvi-poginuo-je-od-madarske-ruke-na-gvozdu/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=CroExpress │Informativni medij Hrvata izvan Republike Hrvatske}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Posljednji hrvatski kralj Petar bio je Snačić |url=https://vojnapovijest.vecernji.hr/vojna-povijest/posljednji-hrvatski-narodni-kralj-petar-bio-je-snacic-a-ne-svacic-925272 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=vojnapovijest.vecernji.hr |language=hr}}</ref> and the army loyal to the Hungarian king Koloman I. Following defeat of Petar Snačić's army in [[Battle of Gvozd Mountain]], a [[Croatia in personal union with Hungary|personal union of Croatia and Hungary]] was created in 1102 with [[Coloman of Hungary|Coloman]] as a ruler.<ref name="HR-HU-Heka">{{cite journal|journal=Scrinia Slavonica|issn=1332-4853|publisher=Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje|title= Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije|trans-title=Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue|language=hr|url=http://hrcak.srce.hr/index.php?show=clanak&id_clanak_jezik=68144|author= Ladislav Heka|date=October 2008|volume=8|issue=1|pages=152–173|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>
This meant that Croatia and Hungary still remained separate kingdoms which are connected only by a common king.<ref name=":9">Macan, 45</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungary - Politics and Society under Stephen's Successors |url=https://countrystudies.us/hungary/7.htm |access-date=2023-07-27 |website=countrystudies.us |quote=In 1090 Laszlo I (1077-95) occupied Slavonia, and in 1103 Kalman I (1095-1116) assumed the title of king of Croatia. Croatia was never assimilated into Hungary; rather, it became an associate kingdom administered by a ban, or civil governor.}}</ref> One example of this was a coronation process as new kings of Hungary had to be separately crowned kings of Croatia. There was also an institution of [[Ban of Croatia|ban (viceroy) of Croatia]] representing a royal deputy, separate tax system, money and army.<ref name=":9" />
==Personal union with Hungary (1102–1527) and the Republic of Venice==
| |||