School of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Oral mucosal drug delivery system is widely applicable as novel site for administration of drug and controlled release action by preventing first pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation due to GI microbial flora. The oral cavity represents a challenging area to develop an effective drug delivery modelling. This arises due to the various inherent functions of the oral cavity (eating, swallowing, speaking, chewing), as well as the presence of the fluid that is involved in all these activities, saliva. This fluid is continually secreted into and then removed from the mouth. Oral Mucosa drug delivery system provides local and systemic action. The delivery of drugs through the buccal mucosa has attracted much research interest over the past two decades and numerous approaches, both conventional and complex, have been developed in an attempt to deliver a variety of pharmaceutical compounds via the buccal route. To outline the progress in the in vitro and in vivo modeling of Mucosal drug...

Although acute renal failure (ARF) is believed to be common in the setting of critical illness and is associated with a high risk of death, little is known about its epidemiology and outcome or how these vary in different regions of the world. Prospective observational study of ICU patients who either were treated with renal replacement therapy (RRT) or fulfilled at least one of the predefined criteria for ARF. The main outcomes are occurrence of ARF, factors contributing to etiologic, illness severity, treatment and need for renal support after hospital discharge and hospital mortality. The marginal effects of acute kidney injury on in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS) and costs have not been well described. The acute kidney injury is associated with significantly increased mortality, LOS, and costs across a broad spectrum of conditions. Moreover, outcomes are related directly to the severity of acute kidney injury, whether characterized by nominal or percentage changes in s...

Traditional medicine is defined as therapeutic practices that have been in existence, for hundreds of years before the development and spread of modern sciences. This is due to the fact that traditional medicine is the most affordable and accessible health care system available. Ayurveda mentions number of plants for the management of several diseases. Several researchers had given their contributions for finding hidden therapeutic activities of Ayurvedic drugs, but still number of plants need a comprehensive study on them. The present study is focused on the investigation of the potent medicinal herbs such as Calotropis gigantea belongs to family Asclepiadaceae, Glycyrrhiza glabra belongs to family Leguminosae for their anti-inflammatory activity in the form of polyherbal formulation. In carrageenan induced inflammation the polyherbal formulation showed a maximum anti-inflammatory effect at 120 min (71.17%) and progressively increased by 180 min (78.1%). And similarly in formalin i...

Recently, a wide range of nanotechnologies has been approached for material modification by realizing the fact that the extracellular matrix (ECM) consists of nanoscale components and exhibits nanoscale architectures. Moreover, cellcell and cellECM interactions actively occur in the nanoscale and ultimately play large roles in determining cell fate in tissue engineering. Nanomaterials have provided the potential to preferentially control the behavior and differentiation of cells. The present paper reviews the need for nanotechnology in regenerative medicine and the role of nanotechnology in repairing, restoring and regenerating damage body parts, such as blood vessels and the heart. The field of nanotechnology has witnessed and explosion in research efforts over the past decade. However, nanotechnology in regenerative medicine is still at an infant level and is a complicated interdisciplinary field which needs the collective collaboration of physicists and clinicians. To help mature...

Clopidogrel bisulphate (CB) is a crystalline, poorly water-soluble drug of bioavailability less than 50%. The drug is an irreversible inhibitor of the P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor found on the membranes of platelet cells. The present work was performed using different polymers such as Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 and polyvinyl alcohol with varied surfactants such as Tween 80 in comparison by using superdisintegrants like Sodium Starch Glycolate (SSG) and Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC). By performing the particle size distribution, the size ranges from 232.6 nm to 995.6 nm and the polydispersity index ranges from 0.11 to 0.96, these ranges indicating the good physical nature of nanoparticles. The drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) of clopidogrel bisulphate nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 30.10% to 94.4%. From the study, it was found that F2 formulation containing PVP K-30 and L-arginine has given the best release in 80mins and the maximum cumulative drug rele...

The potential challenges to solve the poor solubility, limited chemical stability in vitro and in vivo after administration (i.e. short half-life), poor bioavailability and potentially strong side effects requiring drug enrichment at the site of action (targeting). This review describes the use of nanoparticulate carriers, developed in our research group, as one solution to overcome the dosage forms. The performance of ODTs depends on the technology used in their manufacture. The orally disintegrating property of these tablets is attributable to the quick ingress of water into the tablet matrix, which creates porous structure and results in rapid disintegration. Hence, the basic approaches to develop ODTs include maximizing the porous structure of the tablet matrix, incorporating the appropriate disintegrating agent and using highly water-soluble excipients in the formulation. Fast disintegrating tablets have better patient acceptance, compliance and possibly will tender enhanced bi...

In recent year, Aptamer has been one of the key tools in the field of advanced drug delivery systems. Aptamer are oligonucleotides or peptides that bind to a specific target molecule. In this review we summarize the major differences between the antibody and an Aptamer along with the different methodology of the In vitro selection of the Aptamer by using SELEX (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technique. SELEX is a technique which has a based biosensor and some of the novel drug delivery system. The article referred in this review was referred from the above said source was in the range of 1990-2020 y. Primary contents is searched from Science Direct, Springer Nature, Scopus Indexed journals. The resources are downloaded from Google Scholar, peer-reviewed published literature from scientific journals and books.

Traditional medicine is defined as therapeutic practices that have been in existence, for hundreds of years before the development and spread of modern sciences. This is due to the fact that traditional medicine is the most affordable and accessible health care system available. Ayurveda mentions number of plants for the management of several diseases. Several researchers had given their contributions for finding hidden therapeutic activities of Ayurvedic drugs, but still number of plants need a comprehensive study on them. The present study is focused on the investigation of the potent medicinal herbs such as Calotropis gigantea belongs to family Asclepiadaceae, Glycyrrhiza glabra belongs to family Leguminosae for their anti-inflammatory activity in the form of polyherbal formulation. In carrageenan induced inflammation the polyherbal formulation showed a maximum anti-inflammatory effect at 120 min (71.17%) and progressively increased by 180 min (78.1%). And similarly in formalin i...

In fact, it has been estimated that 40% of new chemical entities currently being discovered are poorly watersoluble. Unfortunately, many of these potential drugs area bandoned in the early stages of development due to solubility concerns. Cefixime as per BCS classification is a class IV drug with poor solubility and poor permeability. Poor solubility of drugs leads to poor absorption and hence poor bioavailability. Omeprazole as per BCS classification is a class II drug with poor solubility and good permeability. Methods, such as salt formation, complexation with cyclodextrins, solubilization of drugs in solvent(s), and particle size reduction have also been utilized to improve the dissolution properties of poorly water-soluble drugs. Bioavailability of a drug can be increased by increasing the solubility of a drug. The % increase in saturation solubility with PVPK- 30 and urea was higher than other polymers and techniques. This shows that solid dispersion using solvent evaporation ...

Mucoadhesive tablets is the preferable route of drug delivery due to the ease of administration, patience compliance, and flexibility in formulation. Every patient would always like to have an ideal drug delivery system possessing the two main properties that are a single dose or less frequent dosing for the whole duration of treatment and the dosage form must release the active drug directly at the site of action. The most frequent polymers used are those derived from HPMC 15M, HPMC 100M and HPMC 4M. The results of Swelling index, mucoadhesive strength and in vitro disintegrating time (sec) ranged from 103.12 to 93.31, 12.11 to 18.16 and 5.02 to 6.15 min respectively. The In vitro dissolution profile indicated faster and maximum drug release from the formulation F4. For the F4 formulation diffusion exponent n value is in between 0.45 to 0.89 so they are following non fickian anomalous diffusion model. Among other results, this article demonstrates that this technology depends on a ...

Pulsatile drug delivery systems are gaining a lot of interest as they deliver the drug at the right place at the right time in the right amount, thus providing a spatial, temporal and smart delivery in increasing patient compliance in designing according to the biological rhythm of the body. Here drug delivery is facilitated according to disease rhythm. The principle rationale for the use of pulsatile release of the drugs is where a constant drug release is not desired. A pulse has to be designed in such a way that a complete and rapid drug release is achieved after the lag time. Various systems like capsular systems, osmotic systems, single and multiple-unit systems based on the use of soluble or erodible polymer coating membranes have been dealt with in the article. It summarizes the latest developments in formulating parameters in release profiles of systems. These systems are beneficial for the drugs having Chrono pharmacological behavior such as a drug used in the treatment of ...

In ocular drug delivery system (ODDS) majority of medications are delivered as eye drops and these may reduce the intraocular pressure but having major deficiencies like low patient compliance and low bioavailability. Therefore, ophthalmic drug delivery has become very fashionable with their distinctive benefits like extended drug release and more than 50% bioavailability. To achieve controlled and sustained drug deliveries from contact lenses, we tend to come that numerous techniques like compounding into nanoparticles, micelle, liposomes have many technologies in developing the load of a drug connected lenses like soaking, molecular acquisition, defense of drug loaded mixture nanoparticles, ion ligand polymeric system. Some of the major disadvantages to this technology are corneal problems, conjunctivitis etc. The rate of drug delivery is not constant overtime with the bulk of medicine within the lens being delivered within the initial stage rather that at end of treatment period.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an auto immune disease that affects in the clinical manifestations of arthritis in each patient. In addition to the development of medication, the clinical manifestations are to achieve the most effective role with less side effects by improving the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. Multiple environmental factors including hormones, dietary factors, infections and exposure tobacco smoke as well as associated with increased risk for rheumatoid arthritis. Concurrently have proven in effective by retaining the therapeutic index at synovial cavity by virtue of its diagnostic medication. Current trends and future perspectives imply that definitive role in drug release are controlled by biological modifications in the anti-rheumatic drugs behaves the significant characteristic in achieving the disease remission without joint deformity.

Increasing knowledge and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors has led to a decline in mortality rates in developed countries however the problem continues to escalate globally because rates in developing countries are increasing rapidly. The Main Objective of this review is saying about the today's concept of vulnerable plaque has evolved primarily from the early pioneering work uncovering the pivotal role of plaque rupture and coronary thrombosis as the major cause of acute myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. The delivery of the Nanoparticles directly into the blood stream to provide enhanced activity of the unstable plaque in the diagnosis of plaque rupture and may ultimately permit targeted delivery of therapies directly to the site of vascular injury. These nanoparticles as Orodispersable tablets have been successfully used in therapy and there is still no compendia method of their disintegration time. The oral route of administration continues to be the most...

Background Functional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders. Based on the various symptoms present in patients with functional dyspepsia postprandial distress syndrome (FD-PDS), routine agents such as acid suppressants, prokinetic drugs, and centrally acting drugs, offer limited treatment choices with potential side effects. As a preliminary clinical trial showed that the marketed product Zhizhu Kuanzhong Capsule (ZZKZ) can improve symptoms in FD-PDS patients, our study aims to provide further evidence on the clinical efficacy and safety of ZZKZ in the treatment of patients with FD-PDS. Methods In this multicenter, randomized, patient- and investigator-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial, we will recruit patients with FD-PDS from 18 hospitals in China and Australia. The trial will enroll patients with FD-PDS based on the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. A total of 480 eligible patients will be randomized 1:1 into either ZZK...

Objective: The present investigation aims to formulate the ideal drug formulation using different surfactants and optimize the amlodipine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles. Methods: The present work was to formulate the drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to enhance the dissolution rate of a poorly water-soluble drug, amlodipine besylate, using the anti-solvent precipitation method. The Characterisation studies include particle size (nm), Zeta potential (mV), polydispersity index, Drug entrapment efficiency (%), in vitro release drug release, and surface morphological studies like SEM and XRD. Results: The drug-loaded Polymeric nanoparticles of F3 containing PLGA and PVA shows the desired smaller particle size is 198.8±5.25, maximum zeta potential is-24.76±2.54 mv and the stable polydispersity index of 0.957±0.45. The drug entrapment efficiency is 93%, and the controlled dissolution of the ideal formulation pattern is about 94.88±2.45 in 24h. Conclusion: The release pattern observed th...