Kawigasan awam
Kawigasan awam (basa Inggris: public health) diartiakan jadi "ilmu wan sani mancagah panyakit", mamparpanjang hidup, wan maningkatakan mutu hidup lawan manggawi upaya-upaya tahimpun wan mambari pilihan maklumat lawan masarakat, pahimpunan (awam wan swasta), pakumpulan, wan paurangan.[1] Maanalisis determinan kawigasan di sabuting garumbung wan ancaman-ancaman nang dihadapinya marupakan hal mandasar dalam kawigasan awam.[2] Kawigasan nang dimaksut di sini mancakup kasajahtaraan awak, pikiran, wan susial. Samantara ngitu, masarakat nang dimaksut kawa barupa sagarumbung urang atawa jua kasabarataan panggana disa atawa kuta; dalam kaadaan pandemi, masarakatnya kawa mancakup babarapa banua.[3]
Kawigasa awam marupakan bidang antardisiplin, nang maumpatakan ilmu-ilmu kaya epidemiologi, biostatistika, ilmu susial, wan pangalulaan palayanan kawigasan. Subbidang lainnya nang dianggap panting di antaranya kawigasan lingkungan, kawigasan garumbung, kawigasan jiwa, ikunumi kawigasan, kabijakan kawigasan, panyuluhan kawigasan, pulitik kawigasan, kawigasan wan kasalamatan bagawi, panyandang katawatasan diri, masalah gender dalam kawigasan, wan kawigasan seksual wan pakambangbiakan.[4] Kawigasan awam, baimbai lawan palayanan kawigasan tatambaian, manangah, wan paatasan, marupakan palihan matan sistim palayanan kawigasan sabuah nagara sacara kasaluruhan. Kawigasan awam malalui pamantauan panyakit wan patunjuk kawigasan, wan malalui parumusi parangai hidup wigas. Parangai awam nang diidabuli kawigasan awam di antaranya parumusi babasuh tangan, manyusui, pamaksinan, pancagahan bunuh diri, paampihan maruku, pamahaman pasal ubisitas, maningkatakan kataraitan kawigasan, wan panyaluran kondom gasan mangandaliakan panyabaran panyakit manjangkit seksual.
Ada pabidaan nang baarti dalam mandapatakan jalan masuk layanan kawigasaan wan idabul gasan manggawi upaya-upaya kawigasan awam antara nagara maju wan nagara bakambang, wan di antara sasama nagara bakambang. Di nagara-nagara bakambang, tampat kawigasan awamnya masih tabantuk — mungkin kada tasadia mayu tanaga kawigasan nang talatih, sumbar daya kaduitan, atawa dalam sapalih kajadian, pangatahuan gasan mambariakan pakayanan medis wan pancagahan panyakit tingkat dasar.[5][6] Masalah kawigasan awam nang tatambaian di nagara-nagara bakambang adalah kawigasan uma wan anak nang buruk, nang sasain diburuki ulih malnutrisi wan kamiskinan.
Matan pamulaan paadaban manusia, masarakat sudah mamasarakan kawigasan wan mamarangi panyakit di tingkat garumbung.[7][8] Dalam masarakat pra-industri nang kompleks, pacampurtanganan urang-urang nang dirancang gasan mangurangi rasiku nang maancam kawigasan rancak diidabuli ulih bamamacam pamangku kapantingan, kaya panguasa, jindral militar, atawa pamuka agama. Britania Raya marupakan nagara nang mamulai pangambangan kawigasa awam matan abat ka-19, marga Britania Raya marupakan nagara pakutaan mudirin panambaian di dunia.[9] Idabul kawigasan awam pamulaannya bapumpun lawan kabarasihan (misalnya sistim pambuangan pucirin di Liverpool wan London), pangandalian panyakit manjangkit (misalnya pamaksinan wan karantina), wan jua pangambangan bamamacam ilmu pangatahuan, misalnya statistika, mikrobiologi, epidemiologi, wan ilmu-ilmu teknik.[9]
Jujuhutan
[babak | babak asal-mulanya]- ^ Winslow, C.E.A. (1920). "The Untilled Field of Public Health". Science. 51 (1306): 23–33. doi:10.1126/science.51.1306.23. ISSN 0036-8075.
- ^ "What is Public Health". Centers for Disease Control Foundation. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control. Diakses tanggal 27 January 2017.
- ^ What is the WHO definition of health? from the Preamble to the Constitution of WHO as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June - 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of WHO, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. The definition has not been amended since 1948.
- ^ Perdiguero, E. (2001). "Anthropology in public health. Bridging differences in culture and society". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 55 (7): 528b–528. doi:10.1136/jech.55.7.528b. PMC 1731924
.
- ^ Lincoln C Chen; David Evans; Tim Evans; Ritu Sadana; Barbara Stilwell; Phylida Travis; Wim Van Lerberghe; Pascal Zurn (2006). World Health Report 2006: working together for health. Geneva: WHO. OCLC 71199185.
- ^ Jamison, D T; Mosley, W H (January 1991). "Disease control priorities in developing countries: health policy responses to epidemiological change". American Journal of Public Health. 81 (1): 15–22. doi:10.2105/ajph.81.1.15. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 1404931 . PMID 1983911.
- ^ Rosen, George (2015). A history of public health (Revised expanded). Baltimore. ISBN 978-1-4214-1601-4. OCLC 878915301.
- ^ Porter, Dorothy (1999). Health, Civilization and the State: A History of Public Health from Ancient to Modern Times. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415200363.
- ^ a b Crook, Tom (2016). Governing systems : modernity and the making of public health in England, 1830-1910. Oakland, California. ISBN 978-0-520-96454-9. OCLC 930786561.