Papers by Imam Mulyana
PADJADJARAN Jurnal Ilmu Hukum (Journal of Law)
Peacekeeping operations have become an integral component of the United Nations in promoting glob... more Peacekeeping operations have become an integral component of the United Nations in promoting global peace and security. Yet, as demands increase to hold peacekeepers accountable for their misdeeds, the legal principle of attribution within the framework of the law of responsibility remains ambiguous and difficult to define. Hence, this study aims to contribute to the discourse on the attribution of the Peacekeepers' conduct, especially on the presumptive v. preventive interpretation of Article 7 Draft Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations. Under the presumptive interpretation, the peacekeeper’s action is presumed to be attributed to the UN; however, attribution can be rebutted if Troop Contributing States (TCS) exercise control over the peacekeepers. In contrast, preventive interpretation argues that attribution must be determined by which entity, TCS or the UN, has the power to prevent the alleged conduct. This study analyzed how the Dutch Supreme Court’s ru...
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 2019
The impacts of climate changes around the world have become global concern at both national and i... more The impacts of climate changes around the world have become global concern at both national and international level. A broad scheme of international cooperation to mitigate their impacts has been engaged through several international legal frameworks. However, such efforts are considered insufficient to stem the consequences and causes of climate change. It is therefore important to examine a proper legal enforcement mechanism for the climate changes issues. This paper thus starts with explaining the scope and definition of climate changes and sees whether it has correlation with the security issues. It is followed by examining the authority of UN Security Council (UNSC) vested in the UN Charter and observes whether it has authorisation in enforcing the climate changes issues. Although, as a result of its examination, this article finds that UNSC mechanism provides widen possible measures in enforcing climate change’s issues rather than other existing mechanisms under international ...
Indonesia Law Review, 2017
The problem of asylum seekers has become a global humanitarian issue. Demands regarding the handl... more The problem of asylum seekers has become a global humanitarian issue. Demands regarding the handling mechanisms based on the values of human rights is getting stronger voiced by the international community. In the Southeast Asian region, the number of ethnic Rohingya asylum seekers has increased and has started to demand settlement in non-immigrant countries like Indonesia. Although Indonesia does not have international obligations in handling asylum seekers, constitutionally, Indonesia has an obligation to guarantee the right of everyone to obtain asylum which has been included in the Constitution. In a global perspective, humanitarian issues in the handling of asylum seekers has begun to be driven towards the handling model based on regionalism. Therefore, ASEAN's response to the issue of asylum seekers should start a discourse given the number of asylum seekers in Southeast Asia began to rise. This paper deals with the immigration policy on asylum seekers of Rohingya people in Aceh province of Indonesia who plight in 2015 "boat people crisis" with regionalism approach.
Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 2018
In recent years, efforts to promote sustainable energy through energy efficiency, renewable energ... more In recent years, efforts to promote sustainable energy through energy efficiency, renewable energy and use of new technologies are moving rapidly at national, regional, and international levels. The benefits generated from energy efficiency has prompted experts and governments to work together in implementing energy efficiency policies across all sectors of life. One of the focus areas in global energy efficiency policy is energy efficiency in urban areas. This article aims to provide an overview regarding the implementation of policy and regulation on energy efficiency in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas. The research finds that energy efficiency is one of the most effective ways to improve the competitiveness and capacity of cities in Indonesia. In addition, it could advocate the Indonesian Government in responding to global environmental issues, especially climate change.
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law
Along with the times, there have been advances in marine technology which includes Unmanned Under... more Along with the times, there have been advances in marine technology which includes Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUV). Some countries have started using UUVs for both commercial and military marine activities since UUVs have several advantages that ordinary ships do not have. However, the development and application of UUVs for marine purposes raises numerous problems since there isn’t clear regulation regarding UUV. Current legal instruments only explain the meaning of ship without classifying the type of ship itself. It raises a problem since it led to different interpretations between countries and the determination of legal rules for UUV. One incident related to UUV technology can be seen from the Bowditch incident where from this incident there are differences in interpretation on the classification of UUV between America and Tiongkok. Other incidents can also be seen from the entry of foreign UUVs into Indonesia waters for research purposes. From several incidents, there are m...
Jurnal Bina Mulia Hukum
Public participation is one of the important factors in the extractive industry, especially to en... more Public participation is one of the important factors in the extractive industry, especially to ensure that the development of new mining projects can begin successfully. Social License to Operate (SLO) is a contemporary concept that rapidly develops and is widely known as a method for building relationships between mining companies and the communities surrounding the mining project. This article attempts to introduce the concept of SLO and provide an initial overview of the implementation of SLO in the extractive industry in Indonesia. In addition, this article also examines the relationship between SLO and another similar concept, namely Environmental Impact Analysis (EIA). This article finds that although SLO and IEA have differences, the similarities between the two concepts could potentially be unified to cope with the shortcomings mutually. After analysing the implementation of SLO in several mining projects in Indonesia and considering the issuance of Law no. 11 of 2020 concer...
Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 2019
The impacts of climate change around the world have become global concern at both national and in... more The impacts of climate change around the world have become global concern at both national and international level. A broad scheme of international cooperation to mitigate their impacts has been engaged through several international legal frameworks. However, such efforts are considered insufficient to stem the consequences and causes of climate change. It is therefore important to examine a proper legal enforcement mechanism for the climate change issues. This paper thus starts with explaining the scope and definition of climate change and sees whether it has correlation with the security issues. It is followed by examining the authority of the UN Security Council (UNSC) vested in the UN Charter and observes whether it has authorisation in enforcing the climate change issues. Although, as a result of its examination, this article finds that UNSC mechanism widen possible measures in enforcing climate change's issues rather than other existing mechanisms under international law, it still suggests that UNSC mechanism shall only be used as a last resort after the other enforcement mechanisms are exhausted.
Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 2018
In recent years, efforts to promote sustainable energy through energy efficiency, renewable energ... more In recent years, efforts to promote sustainable energy through energy efficiency, renewable energy and use of new technologies are moving rapidly at national, regional, and international levels. The benefits generated from energy efficiency has prompted experts and governments to work together in implementing energy efficiency policies across all sectors of life. One of the focus areas in global energy efficiency policy is energy efficiency in urban areas. This article aims to provide an overview regarding the implementation of policy and regulation on energy efficiency in Indonesia, particularly in urban areas. The research finds that energy efficiency is one of the most effective ways to improve the competitiveness and capacity of cities in Indonesia. In addition, it could advocate the Indonesian Government in responding to global environmental issues, especially climate change.
Indonesia Law Review, 2017
The problem of asylum seekers has become a global humanitarian issue. Demands regarding the handl... more The problem of asylum seekers has become a global humanitarian issue. Demands regarding the handling mechanisms based on the values of human rights is getting stronger voiced by the international community. In the Southeast Asian region, the number of ethnic Rohingya asylum seekers has increased and has started to demand settlement in non-immigrant countries like Indonesia. Although Indonesia does not have international obligations in handling asylum seekers, constitutionally, Indonesia has an obligation to guarantee the right of everyone to obtain asylum which has been included in the Constitution. In a global perspective, humanitarian issues in the handling of asylum seekers has begun to be driven towards the handling model based on regionalism. Therefore, ASEAN's response to the issue of asylum seekers should start a discourse given the number of asylum seekers in Southeast Asia began to rise. This paper deals with the immigration policy on asylum seekers of Rohingya people in Aceh province of Indonesia who plight in 2015 " boat people crisis " with regionalism approach. Abstrak Masalah pencari suaka telah menjadi isu kemanusiaan global. Tuntutan mengenai mekanisme penanganan yang didasarkan pada nilai-nilai hak asasi manusia semakin kuat disuarakan oleh masyarakat internasional. Di kawasan Asia Tenggara, jumlah pencari suaka dari etnis Rohingya telah meningkat dan telah mulai meminta untuk dapat menetap di negara-negara non-imigran seperti Indonesia. Meskipun Indonesia tidak memiliki kewajiban internasional dalam menangani pencari suaka, secara konstitusional, Indonesia memiliki kewajiban untuk menjamin hak setiap orang untuk memperoleh suaka sebagaimana tercantum di dalam konstitusi. Dalam perspektif global, isu-isu kemanusiaan mengenai penanganan pencari suaka mulai didorong ke arah model penanganan yang bersifat regional. Oleh karena itu, ASEAN harus segera menanggapi wacana ini mengingat jumlah pencari suaka di Asia Tenggara yang semakin meningkat. Makalah ini membahas tentang kebijakan imigrasi bagi pencari suaka dari etnis Rohingya di Provinisi Aceh , Indonesia yang mengalami keadaan buruk pada " krisis manusia perahu " 2015 dengan pendekatan regionalisme.
Hasanuddin Law Review, Volume 2 Issue 1, April 2016, 2016
Energy plays a pivotal role in ensuring economic growth, social equity and live-able environment.... more Energy plays a pivotal role in ensuring economic growth, social equity and live-able environment. In this regard, the non-renewable or conventional source of energy such as oil, gas and coal continue to supply the energy demand throughout the world. Nevertheless, as the awareness of the international society towards the protection and preservation of the global environment is rapidly growing, the utilization of energy resources has been gradually shifted from the non-renewable to renewable ones. Observing the international developments in the field of energy, further international legal instruments is required to be able to regulate renewable energy activities undertaken by the countries today. Although there have been a number of rules in international law, but until recently, most of these regulations is still not legally binding. Moreover, to achieve world order that uses renewable energy, international law also had to resolve some fundamental issues, namely the issue of state sovereignty and energy security. 39 the energy in its various forms (mechanical, chemical, electrical, heat, electromagnetic radiation) has an important role in human life and is closely related to almost all the social issues. The relationship between man and the energy could be a relationship of quality and quantity, or a relationship about how humans get it, and then it can have an impact on social issues. 2 The importance of energy has encouraged increased cooperation at regional and international levels. In the context of international cooperation, a wide range of cooperation related to the exploration and exploitation of energy have been made and agreed upon among countries in the world, ranging from fossil-based energy to use energy derived from nuclear power. 3 Within the framework of regional cooperation, the importance of energy has prompted the establishment of one of the leading regional organization, the European Communities. Two of three agreements as basic to establish the European Communities are agreements on energy, i.e the European Coal and Steel Community Treaty and the Euratom Treaty. 4 This shows that energy has a very important role in international and regional cooperation. Although, energy is essential for human life, but the impact of today's energy 2 Jose Goldemberg, Development and Energy, on Adrian J. Bradbrook et. al. (2005). The Law of Energy for Sustainable Development,
JURNAL CITA HUKUM, Volume 3 No 2, 2015, 2016
Abstrak: Peran Organisasi Regional Dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional. Huku... more Abstrak: Peran Organisasi Regional Dalam Pemeliharaan Perdamaian dan Keamanan Internasional. Hukum internasional telah mengatur sejumlah mekanisme dalam rangka menyelesaiakan sengketa yang terjadi antara negaranegara di dunia. Mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa internasional diharuskan menggunakan cara-cara damai sebagai pendekatan utama. Meskipun demikian apabila cara-cara damai tidak dapat menyelesaikan suatu sengketa, maka dapat pula digunakan cara-cara kekerasan oleh Dewan Keamanan PBB, terutama apabila mengancam perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Piagam PBB juga mengatur mengenai peran Organisasi Regional termasuk apabila Organisasi Regional bermaksud berperan dalam melakukan pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional. Meskipun pada praktiknya hari ini Organisasi Regional telah aktif melakukan kegiatan pemeliharaan perdamaian dan keamanan internasional, akan tetapi ketentuan internasional mengenai aktivitas ini belum secara jelas diatur, terutama dalam hal skala dan mekanisme pertangungjawabannya. Kata Kunci: PBB; organisasi regional; perdamaian dan keamanan internasional Abstract: International law has stipulated a number of mechanisms in order to resolve the dispute between the countries. International dispute settlement mechanisms are required to use peaceful means as the main approach. However, if peaceful means can not resolve a dispute, it can also be used enforcementaction by the UN Security Council, particularly if potentially threatens peace and international security. The UN Charter also regulates the role of regional organizations, including when regional organizations intend to play a role related with maintenance of international peace and security. Although in practice today of regional organizations has been actively engaged in the maintenance of international peace and security, but international regulations regarding this activity has not been clearly settle, particularly in terms of scale and responsibility mechanism.
Books by Imam Mulyana
Peran Hukum Dalam Pembangunan di Indonesia: Kenyataan, Harapan dan Tantangan Liber Amicorum Prof. Dr. Etty R. Agoes (Rosda, 2013)
Istilah 'hukum internasional' (international law) diperkenalkan pertama kali oleh Jeremy Bentham ... more Istilah 'hukum internasional' (international law) diperkenalkan pertama kali oleh Jeremy Bentham pada tahun 1780 dalam bukunya yang berjudul Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. Sejak tahun 1840, istilah ini kemudian menggantikan istilah 'law of nations' atau 'droit de gens' yang sebelumnya banyak dipakai dalam literatur-literatur berbahasa Latin dan Inggris. Meskipun demikian di negara-negara Skandinavia termasuk Jerman dan Belanda, istilah 'Völkerrecht' dan 'Volkenrecht' sampai saat ini masih dipergunakan. 1
Penemuan Hukum Nasional dan Internasional Dalam Rangka Purnabhakti Prof. Dr. Yudha Bhakti (fikahati anseka 2012)
Intervensi dalam hukum internasional merupakan suatu bentuk pelanggaran terhadap kedaulatan negar... more Intervensi dalam hukum internasional merupakan suatu bentuk pelanggaran terhadap kedaulatan negara. Meskipun demikian, Piagam PBB memberikan pengaturan mengenai intervensi yang diperkenankan, yaitu intervensi dalam rangka tindakan kolektif atas mandat dewan keamanan PBB dan intervensi dalam rangka pembelaan diri. Perkembangan intervensi yang di PBB dewasa ini juga berkaitan dengan intervensi kemanusiaan dan lahirnya komitmen intervensi dalam kerangka " Responsibility to Protect " diantara negara-negara di dunia. A. Pendahuluan Hukum internasional pada dasarnya berkembang bersamaan dengan berkembangnya konsep negara. Negara selanjutnya terletak di atas dasar kedaulatan, yang menyatakan bahwa negara sebagai suatu badan hukum memiliki supremasi eksternal dan lembaga pemerintahannya memiliki supremasi internal. 2 Kedaulatan suatu negara direfleksikan atau diterapkan melalui pelaksanaan yurisdiksi oleh negara tersebut dalam batas wilayahnya. 3 Teori mengenai kedaulatan negara lahir bersamaan dengan sejarah para pemikir dalam usahanya untuk menganalisis struktur negara. Para ahli politik mengajarkan bahwa harus ada suatu entitas diantara negara-negara yang memiliki kekuatan legislatif dan atau kekuatan politik yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan negara lainnya. Teori ini berkembang di abad ke enam belas, dimana ketika itu buku yang ditulis oleh Machiavelli (1969-1527), Jean Bodin (1530-1569) dan Thomas Hobes (1588-1679) dijadikan rujukan. Pendapat lain yang kemudian dikenal dikalangan para sarjana hukum adalah pendapat John Austin (1790-1859). Austin mengatakan bahwa hukum adalah sekumpulan perintah umum dari suatu entitas yang memiliki kedaulatan serta didukung oleh sanksi-sanksi yang mengancam para pelanggar perintah tersebut. 4 Dalam beberapa literatur klasik, kedaulatan negara umumnya dikaitkan dengan gagasan kemerdekaan (kedaulatan eksternal) dan hak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri (kedaulatan internal) dari suatu negara. 5 Menurut asal katanya, 6 kedaulatan memang berarti
Talks by Imam Mulyana
Conference Presentations by Imam Mulyana
The Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has finally established t... more The Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has finally established theirown human rights mechanism through the adoption of the ASEAN Charter in 2007. The provision regarding a specific human rights body has been further implemented into the establishment of the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR) in 2009. Nevertheless, the terms of reference (TOR) of the AICHR only provides a very limited scope of authorities to this institution. Thus, it has been questioned whether the AICHR could play a significant role in promoting and protecting human rights in ASEAN.This paper presents existing situations with respect to the protection and fulfilment of human rights in the ASEAN countries. Based on these situations, this paper will examine the responses of the Member States to the development of human rights mechanism in ASEAN. Finally, this paper will analyse whether the current ASEAN human rights mechanism has been adequate in protecting human rights in the region. This paper concludes that the majority of the ASEAN Member States have ratified important human rights treaties and enacted national legislation to implement them. However, human rights violations still remain, and to certain extent, they have influenced the response of each ASEAN Member State toward the human rights mechanism in the region. In addition, the AICHR is still inadequate in protecting and fulfilling human rights in ASEAN, thus its capacity and authority still need to be enhanced.
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Papers by Imam Mulyana
Books by Imam Mulyana
Talks by Imam Mulyana
Conference Presentations by Imam Mulyana