An acute oral toxicity study of the herbicide GAL-57 (Avalon), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba ... more An acute oral toxicity study of the herbicide GAL-57 (Avalon), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba as active ingredients, was investigated on rats, using a new method that has been used in the past several years (2001). Clinical observations symptoms and mortality were performed for all animals in different time intervals after treatment, and gross necropsy was performed at the end of observation period. Clinical symptoms (decreased activity, prone position, abnormal limb position, decreased righting reflex, decreased grip and limb tone, decreased body and abdominal tone, dyspnoea) of marked degree were noted after administration of 2000 mg/kg, and animals were dead in the period of 30-60 minutes after the treatment. GAL-57 did not cause any clinical sings at single 300 mg/kg bw dose. The physical condition and behaviour of animals (males and females) were normal, and it is not differ in reaction to the control. According to the methodology used in the present study, it could be concl...
Abamectin was developed as an insecticide, nematocide and acaricide for use on a variety of agric... more Abamectin was developed as an insecticide, nematocide and acaricide for use on a variety of agricultural and horticultural crops. The products with this active ingredient can be found on the market mostly formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Usually producers recommend using the EC formulation of abamectin together with some kind of adjuvants (natural oils) to improve efficacy of the active ingredient. To overcome the efficacy problem we tried to formulate the active ingredient abamectin as oil dispersion (OD). Oil dispersion, preferably based on naturally derived oils could improve pesticide efficacy. This type of pesticide formulation contains oil instead of water as in classical suspension concentrate and typically has better retention and coverage. In the case of abamectin, in this investigation soybean oil was used with the mixture of different nonionic emulsifiers. Content of abamecetin in formulation was 1.8 %. The developed formulation was tested for few important pa...
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in blueberrie... more The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in blueberries (commercial and sample from controlled field trial) from Serbia, involving the presence of a complex food matrix and to assess the potential risk to human health. The presence of nine active substances (azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid and thiametoxam) in initial blueberry samples was determined in concentration range from 5.15 μg/kg for thiametoxam to 187 μg/kg for azoxystrobin. Clothianidin, metabolite of thiametoxam, was not detected in any blueberry sample. However, after in vitro digestion, the content of initially detected pesticides residues was significantly decreased or it was below limit of quantification resulting in the total bioaccessibility of about 15%. Azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil and fludioxonil was quantified in digestive juice at concentrations which were about 81%, 37% and 10% less than the inital concentration, respectively. The presence of food matrix during digestion of blueberries even more severely reduced concentration of pesticide residues (total bioaccessibility was about 7%) compared to digestion without the food matrix. Only azoxystrobin was quantified after digestion with food matrix in concentration of 27 μg/kg in sample from controlled field trial and detected in two commercial samples but below the limit of quantification. Furthermore, chronic risk assessment indicated that risk is acceptable for the health of different human subpopulation groups. The current study on pesticides residues, most commonly applied on blueberries, provides for the first time an insight into their bioaccessibility under conditions that mimic physiological environment of human digestive tract.
Mutageni potencijal herbicida GAL-57, koji je formulisan kao mesavina bentazona i dikambe, ispiti... more Mutageni potencijal herbicida GAL-57, koji je formulisan kao mesavina bentazona i dikambe, ispitivan je primenom mikronukleus testa. Ispitivanja su rađena na misevima oba pola (soj: CRL: NMRI BR), a ispitivani herbicid (preparat) je doziran oralno (sondom u želudac) u dozi od 2000 mg/kg, dva puta u razmaku od 24 sata. Kao pozitivna kontrola koriscen je ciklofosfamid (60 mg/kg), a kao negativna rastvarac (destilovana voda). Životinje su žrtvovane 24 sata nakon drugog tretiranja, izolovane su celije kostane srži (iz femura) i ocenjivan je efekat supstancije. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da ponovljen tretman miseva herbicidom GAL-57 ne izaziva ni bioloski ni statisticki znacajno povecanje broja mikronukleusa kod tretiranih životinja. Istovremeno, kod životinja tretiranih ciklofosfamidom (pozitivna kontrola) broj mikronukleusa u polihromatskim eritrocitima kostane srži miseva bio je statisticki znacajno povecan. Na osnovu ovih rezultata može se zakljuciti da ispitivani herbicid (prepa...
A micronucleus test was run to investigate mutagenic potential of the herbicide GAL-57, a formula... more A micronucleus test was run to investigate mutagenic potential of the herbicide GAL-57, a formulated mixture of bentazone and dicamba. The test was applied to mice of both sexes (strain: CRL: NMRI BR) and the herbicide (product) was administered by gavage at 2000 mg/kg rate, twice within 24 hs. Cyclophosphamide (positive control) was administered at 60 mg/kg, while distilled water as a solvent was negative control. The animals were sacrificed 24 hrs after second treatment, their bone marrow cells isolated from femur, and effects evaluated. The data acquired showed that repeated treatment of mice with GAL-57 caused neither biological nor significant statistical increase in the number of micronuclei in treated animals. At the same time, the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of animals treated with cyclophosphamide (positive control) showed a significant statistical increase. The results suggest that the herbicide product tested did not show any mut...
Basic characteristics and ecotoxicological properties of sulfonylurea herbicides are discussed. D... more Basic characteristics and ecotoxicological properties of sulfonylurea herbicides are discussed. Data on their toxicity to birds, aquatic organisms bees and other beneficial arthropods, and other beneficial soil organisms (earthworm and microorganisms) are shown as indicators of such characteristics, together with data on their fate in water and soil metabolism and residues in plants. As a result of this considerations could be concluded that sulfonylurea herbicides are safe compounds with favorable ecotoxicological properties, which recommends them as highly suitable for application.
Abstract Several herbal products have already been confirmed to have impact on rodent diet or beh... more Abstract Several herbal products have already been confirmed to have impact on rodent diet or behaviour. Some of them, rich in terpenes, have shown repellent effects. In that context, we evaluated the repellent activity of fresh and flat baits containing two different concentrations (0.03125% and 0.0625%) of commercial Melaleuca alternifolia and Cymbopogon martinii essential oils (EO) of determined chemical composition (GC-FID and GC/MS) against house mice (Mus musculus). The repellent effects of all tested baits varied depending on mice gender, bait freshness, and content of EO in baits. Baits with the higher concentrations of M. alternifolia and C. martinii EOs had the lowest preference indexes on the 1st day of exposure of both males and females to fresh EO baits [-0.77 and −0.88 (males) and −0.62 and −0.98 (females)], respectively. Baits with the lower content of M. alternifolia EO had an index value of −0.71. Long-term repellent effects can be achieved by using the higher concentration of either of the two tested EOs, while short-term effects can be expected from the lower concentrations.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Jan 19, 2017
Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are ... more Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are frequently available, which raises the issue of potential influence of different formulation types on herbicide toxicity. The present study evaluated the toxicity and teratogenic effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its two formulations (Rampa(®) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360g a.i./l of clomazone) on zebrafish embryos. The crucial difference between the two formulation types is the way of active substance release. This investigation is the first report on zebrafish embryotoxicity of both clomazone and its formulations. The technical active ingredient and formulations caused mortality and diverse teratogenic effects, showing different levels of toxicity. The LC50 values for the technical ingredient, Rampa(®) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS were 61.4, 9.6 and 92...
The present study compares practicability, reproducibility, power and sensitivity of a Myriophyll... more The present study compares practicability, reproducibility, power and sensitivity of a Myriophyllum aquaticum growth inhibition test in water-sediment system with the recently accepted Myriophyllum spicatum test in an equivalent testing system and the standard Lemna sp. test. Special consideration was given to M. aquaticum control plant growth and variability of relative growth rate (RGR) and yield (Y) based endpoints: shoot length (SL), fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) and root weight (RW). Sensitivity analysis was based on tests performed with 3,5-dichlorophenol, atrazine, isoproturon, trifluralin, 2,4 D and dicamba. Average M. aquaticum control plants growth rates were 0.119 and 0.112 d(-1) , with average estimated doubling time 6.33 and 6.74 d for RGR FW and SL, respectively. Intrinsic variability of M. aquaticum endpoints was low, 12.9, 12.5 and 17.8% for RGR FW, RGR SL and Y FW, respectively. The power of the test was fairly high. When most sensitive endpoints were used for comparison, the two Myriophyllum species turned out to be similarly sensitive, more (in case of auxin simulators) or at least equally sensitive as Lemna minor to other tested herbicides. M. aquaticum 10 d-long test with 7 d-long exposure period in water-sediment system has acceptable sensitivity, can provide repeatable, reliable and reproducible results and therefore should not be disregarded as a good and representative additional test in environmental risk assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
It is well known that emulsifiable concentrates (EC), besides good properties have problem with a... more It is well known that emulsifiable concentrates (EC), besides good properties have problem with a high solvent content thus are not environmental friendly and can cause problems for users. The interest in developing oil-in-water emulsions (EW) instead emulsifiable concentrates is increasing due to toxicological problems with solvents. Oil-in-water emulsions can reduce phytotoxicity, ecotoxicity and dermal toxicity, have a higher flash point than EC and are safer in transport and storage; also EW are more compatible with water based SC formulations for blends of active ingredients. Plant protection often includes the use of some pyretroides as active ingredients, for example Cypermethrin, alone or combined with Chlorpyrifos. It is a very old product which is formulated as EC formulation. In this study oil-in-water emulsion (EW) was developed with the same active ingredients. The EW formulation was tested and the results show that it was stable and therefore could be used in plant protection.
Subacute and subchronic toxicity of the herbicide Avalon(®), a mixture of bentazone and dicamba, ... more Subacute and subchronic toxicity of the herbicide Avalon(®), a mixture of bentazone and dicamba, were tested on rats. Avalon(®) was administered at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight/day for 28 and 90 days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were monitored together with biochemistry parameters. The results showed that the mixture caused increases in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP, elevated concentrations of sodium, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio in males. In females, ALT activity, cholesterol and phosphate levels were increased. The changes generally were dose related and, in most cases, females exhibited lower susceptibility than males. The effects of a mixture are, in the most cases, different from the effects of the individual substances. The effects of bentazone were not prevalent which would be expected taking the composition of the mixture into account.
An acute oral toxicity study of the herbicide GAL-57 (Avalon), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba ... more An acute oral toxicity study of the herbicide GAL-57 (Avalon), a mixture of bentazon and dicamba as active ingredients, was investigated on rats, using a new method that has been used in the past several years (2001). Clinical observations symptoms and mortality were performed for all animals in different time intervals after treatment, and gross necropsy was performed at the end of observation period. Clinical symptoms (decreased activity, prone position, abnormal limb position, decreased righting reflex, decreased grip and limb tone, decreased body and abdominal tone, dyspnoea) of marked degree were noted after administration of 2000 mg/kg, and animals were dead in the period of 30-60 minutes after the treatment. GAL-57 did not cause any clinical sings at single 300 mg/kg bw dose. The physical condition and behaviour of animals (males and females) were normal, and it is not differ in reaction to the control. According to the methodology used in the present study, it could be concl...
Abamectin was developed as an insecticide, nematocide and acaricide for use on a variety of agric... more Abamectin was developed as an insecticide, nematocide and acaricide for use on a variety of agricultural and horticultural crops. The products with this active ingredient can be found on the market mostly formulated as emulsifiable concentrate (EC). Usually producers recommend using the EC formulation of abamectin together with some kind of adjuvants (natural oils) to improve efficacy of the active ingredient. To overcome the efficacy problem we tried to formulate the active ingredient abamectin as oil dispersion (OD). Oil dispersion, preferably based on naturally derived oils could improve pesticide efficacy. This type of pesticide formulation contains oil instead of water as in classical suspension concentrate and typically has better retention and coverage. In the case of abamectin, in this investigation soybean oil was used with the mixture of different nonionic emulsifiers. Content of abamecetin in formulation was 1.8 %. The developed formulation was tested for few important pa...
The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in blueberrie... more The aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccessibility of pesticide residues in blueberries (commercial and sample from controlled field trial) from Serbia, involving the presence of a complex food matrix and to assess the potential risk to human health. The presence of nine active substances (azoxystrobin, boscalid, fludioxonil, cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, pyridaben, pyriproxyfen, acetamiprid and thiametoxam) in initial blueberry samples was determined in concentration range from 5.15 μg/kg for thiametoxam to 187 μg/kg for azoxystrobin. Clothianidin, metabolite of thiametoxam, was not detected in any blueberry sample. However, after in vitro digestion, the content of initially detected pesticides residues was significantly decreased or it was below limit of quantification resulting in the total bioaccessibility of about 15%. Azoxystrobin, pyrimethanil and fludioxonil was quantified in digestive juice at concentrations which were about 81%, 37% and 10% less than the inital concentration, respectively. The presence of food matrix during digestion of blueberries even more severely reduced concentration of pesticide residues (total bioaccessibility was about 7%) compared to digestion without the food matrix. Only azoxystrobin was quantified after digestion with food matrix in concentration of 27 μg/kg in sample from controlled field trial and detected in two commercial samples but below the limit of quantification. Furthermore, chronic risk assessment indicated that risk is acceptable for the health of different human subpopulation groups. The current study on pesticides residues, most commonly applied on blueberries, provides for the first time an insight into their bioaccessibility under conditions that mimic physiological environment of human digestive tract.
Mutageni potencijal herbicida GAL-57, koji je formulisan kao mesavina bentazona i dikambe, ispiti... more Mutageni potencijal herbicida GAL-57, koji je formulisan kao mesavina bentazona i dikambe, ispitivan je primenom mikronukleus testa. Ispitivanja su rađena na misevima oba pola (soj: CRL: NMRI BR), a ispitivani herbicid (preparat) je doziran oralno (sondom u želudac) u dozi od 2000 mg/kg, dva puta u razmaku od 24 sata. Kao pozitivna kontrola koriscen je ciklofosfamid (60 mg/kg), a kao negativna rastvarac (destilovana voda). Životinje su žrtvovane 24 sata nakon drugog tretiranja, izolovane su celije kostane srži (iz femura) i ocenjivan je efekat supstancije. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da ponovljen tretman miseva herbicidom GAL-57 ne izaziva ni bioloski ni statisticki znacajno povecanje broja mikronukleusa kod tretiranih životinja. Istovremeno, kod životinja tretiranih ciklofosfamidom (pozitivna kontrola) broj mikronukleusa u polihromatskim eritrocitima kostane srži miseva bio je statisticki znacajno povecan. Na osnovu ovih rezultata može se zakljuciti da ispitivani herbicid (prepa...
A micronucleus test was run to investigate mutagenic potential of the herbicide GAL-57, a formula... more A micronucleus test was run to investigate mutagenic potential of the herbicide GAL-57, a formulated mixture of bentazone and dicamba. The test was applied to mice of both sexes (strain: CRL: NMRI BR) and the herbicide (product) was administered by gavage at 2000 mg/kg rate, twice within 24 hs. Cyclophosphamide (positive control) was administered at 60 mg/kg, while distilled water as a solvent was negative control. The animals were sacrificed 24 hrs after second treatment, their bone marrow cells isolated from femur, and effects evaluated. The data acquired showed that repeated treatment of mice with GAL-57 caused neither biological nor significant statistical increase in the number of micronuclei in treated animals. At the same time, the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of animals treated with cyclophosphamide (positive control) showed a significant statistical increase. The results suggest that the herbicide product tested did not show any mut...
Basic characteristics and ecotoxicological properties of sulfonylurea herbicides are discussed. D... more Basic characteristics and ecotoxicological properties of sulfonylurea herbicides are discussed. Data on their toxicity to birds, aquatic organisms bees and other beneficial arthropods, and other beneficial soil organisms (earthworm and microorganisms) are shown as indicators of such characteristics, together with data on their fate in water and soil metabolism and residues in plants. As a result of this considerations could be concluded that sulfonylurea herbicides are safe compounds with favorable ecotoxicological properties, which recommends them as highly suitable for application.
Abstract Several herbal products have already been confirmed to have impact on rodent diet or beh... more Abstract Several herbal products have already been confirmed to have impact on rodent diet or behaviour. Some of them, rich in terpenes, have shown repellent effects. In that context, we evaluated the repellent activity of fresh and flat baits containing two different concentrations (0.03125% and 0.0625%) of commercial Melaleuca alternifolia and Cymbopogon martinii essential oils (EO) of determined chemical composition (GC-FID and GC/MS) against house mice (Mus musculus). The repellent effects of all tested baits varied depending on mice gender, bait freshness, and content of EO in baits. Baits with the higher concentrations of M. alternifolia and C. martinii EOs had the lowest preference indexes on the 1st day of exposure of both males and females to fresh EO baits [-0.77 and −0.88 (males) and −0.62 and −0.98 (females)], respectively. Baits with the lower content of M. alternifolia EO had an index value of −0.71. Long-term repellent effects can be achieved by using the higher concentration of either of the two tested EOs, while short-term effects can be expected from the lower concentrations.
Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), Jan 19, 2017
Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are ... more Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides but after reaching water bodies they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are frequently available, which raises the issue of potential influence of different formulation types on herbicide toxicity. The present study evaluated the toxicity and teratogenic effects of the active ingredient clomazone and its two formulations (Rampa(®) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, both containing 360g a.i./l of clomazone) on zebrafish embryos. The crucial difference between the two formulation types is the way of active substance release. This investigation is the first report on zebrafish embryotoxicity of both clomazone and its formulations. The technical active ingredient and formulations caused mortality and diverse teratogenic effects, showing different levels of toxicity. The LC50 values for the technical ingredient, Rampa(®) EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS were 61.4, 9.6 and 92...
The present study compares practicability, reproducibility, power and sensitivity of a Myriophyll... more The present study compares practicability, reproducibility, power and sensitivity of a Myriophyllum aquaticum growth inhibition test in water-sediment system with the recently accepted Myriophyllum spicatum test in an equivalent testing system and the standard Lemna sp. test. Special consideration was given to M. aquaticum control plant growth and variability of relative growth rate (RGR) and yield (Y) based endpoints: shoot length (SL), fresh (FW) and dry weight (DW) and root weight (RW). Sensitivity analysis was based on tests performed with 3,5-dichlorophenol, atrazine, isoproturon, trifluralin, 2,4 D and dicamba. Average M. aquaticum control plants growth rates were 0.119 and 0.112 d(-1) , with average estimated doubling time 6.33 and 6.74 d for RGR FW and SL, respectively. Intrinsic variability of M. aquaticum endpoints was low, 12.9, 12.5 and 17.8% for RGR FW, RGR SL and Y FW, respectively. The power of the test was fairly high. When most sensitive endpoints were used for comparison, the two Myriophyllum species turned out to be similarly sensitive, more (in case of auxin simulators) or at least equally sensitive as Lemna minor to other tested herbicides. M. aquaticum 10 d-long test with 7 d-long exposure period in water-sediment system has acceptable sensitivity, can provide repeatable, reliable and reproducible results and therefore should not be disregarded as a good and representative additional test in environmental risk assessment. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
It is well known that emulsifiable concentrates (EC), besides good properties have problem with a... more It is well known that emulsifiable concentrates (EC), besides good properties have problem with a high solvent content thus are not environmental friendly and can cause problems for users. The interest in developing oil-in-water emulsions (EW) instead emulsifiable concentrates is increasing due to toxicological problems with solvents. Oil-in-water emulsions can reduce phytotoxicity, ecotoxicity and dermal toxicity, have a higher flash point than EC and are safer in transport and storage; also EW are more compatible with water based SC formulations for blends of active ingredients. Plant protection often includes the use of some pyretroides as active ingredients, for example Cypermethrin, alone or combined with Chlorpyrifos. It is a very old product which is formulated as EC formulation. In this study oil-in-water emulsion (EW) was developed with the same active ingredients. The EW formulation was tested and the results show that it was stable and therefore could be used in plant protection.
Subacute and subchronic toxicity of the herbicide Avalon(®), a mixture of bentazone and dicamba, ... more Subacute and subchronic toxicity of the herbicide Avalon(®), a mixture of bentazone and dicamba, were tested on rats. Avalon(®) was administered at dose levels of 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg body weight/day for 28 and 90 days. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were monitored together with biochemistry parameters. The results showed that the mixture caused increases in the activities of ALT, AST and ALP, elevated concentrations of sodium, albumin and albumin/globulin ratio in males. In females, ALT activity, cholesterol and phosphate levels were increased. The changes generally were dose related and, in most cases, females exhibited lower susceptibility than males. The effects of a mixture are, in the most cases, different from the effects of the individual substances. The effects of bentazone were not prevalent which would be expected taking the composition of the mixture into account.
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