Books by Eleni Krikona
Afterlife- The Life of the Dead, 2021
В истории мировых сообществ смерть играла ключевую роль в повседневной жизни, от ритуалов и погре... more В истории мировых сообществ смерть играла ключевую роль в повседневной жизни, от ритуалов и погребальных церемоний до философских и научных исследований. Смерть также формировала культуру и идентичность народов. Тем не менее видение загробной жизни никогда не было полностью единообразным, оно претерпевало эволюцию и изменения. В состав данного издания вошли работы международной группы ученых, исследования которых посвящены проблематике смерти на протяжении нескольких тысячелетий истории человечества. In the World History, death has played a key role in everyday life, from rituals and funeral ceremonies to philosophical and scientifi c research. Death also shaped culture and identity of peoples. However, the vision of the afterlife has never been completely uniform, it has evolved and changed. This publication includes the work of an international group of scholars whose research is devoted to the problem of death over several millennia of human history..
The archaeological sites in the Iron Gates present an excellent key study for mapping the influx ... more The archaeological sites in the Iron Gates present an excellent key study for mapping the influx of non-local raw materials, with reference to the chipped stone artifacts from the sites Lepenski Vir and Padina. The petroarchaeological analysis has not been systematically applied in the previous research projects, and this paper will deal with the already published data. Human activities in the Mesolithic-Neolithic transitional period in the Iron Gates are in the focus of this research. This kind of research conducts a new use-wear analysis of the chipped stone artifacts from the sites Lepenski Vir and Padina and combines them with the already existing hypotheses. The previous interpretations proposed that different varieties of grey flint represented local raw materials and that the presence of the so-called Balkan flint was a sign of the import of a non-local material. This kind of selection has been carried out on the basis of the research done so far by various authors, who produced a large number of models of non-local raw material import. But was there a distinction between the use of these raw materials in the past? What was the Balkan flint used for, and what kinds of activities were the locally extracted flint and quartzite used for? How was the non-local raw material introduced into everyday practice? The answers to these questions can provide a deeper insight into the lithic technological organization of the archaeological sites in the Iron Gates, and also help solve the issues connected with the procurement of raw material by producing new data, never observed before.
Papers by Eleni Krikona
This brief topographical study addresses the earliest phase of construction of the Athenian Agora... more This brief topographical study addresses the earliest phase of construction of the Athenian Agora in the archaic period, and particularly in the late sixth century BCE. The paper investigates the way that public space is formed in around 500 under Isonomia, after the political reforms of Cleisthenes in the city.
Through a thorough examination of the aspects associated with Athenian Democracy, the present pap... more Through a thorough examination of the aspects associated with Athenian Democracy, the present paper aims at highlighting the motives as well as the consequences of the reforms of Eubulos from the deme Probalinthos, mainly regarding the theoric fund, and of Lycurgus from the deme Boutadai. The Athenian citizens, after 338 BCE 1 , experience a new promising era for their state under Lycurgus as ὁ ἐπί τῇ διοικήσει τῶν χρημάτων (in charge of the financial administration), who, through his extensive building policy in Attica, revives the political and military morale of the Athenian citizens, preparing them to defend once more the Greeks' autonomy-by opposing the Macedonians, who were conceived as barbarians, and to reclaim consequently their lost hegemony in the Greek world. INTRODUCTION Ἄρξομαι δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν προγόνων πρῶτον· δίκαιον γὰρ αὐτοῖς καὶ πρέπον δὲ ἅμα ἐν τῷ τοιῷδε τὴν τιμὴν ταύτην τῆς μνήμης δίδοσθαι. τὴν γὰρ χώραν οἱ αὐτοὶ αἰεὶ οἰκοῦντες διαδοχῇ τῶν ἐπιγιγνομένων μέχρι τοῦδε ἐλευθέραν δι' ἀρετὴν παρέδοσαν. καὶ ἐκεῖνοί τε ἄξιοι ἐπαίνου καὶ ἔτι μᾶλλον οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν· κτησάμενοι γὰρ πρὸς οἷς ἐδέξαντο ὅσην ἔχομεν ἀρχὴν οὐκ ἀπόνως ἡμῖν τοῖς νῦν προσκατέλιπον. τὰ δὲ πλείω αὐτῆς αὐτοὶ ἡμεῖς οἵδε οἱ νῦν ἔτι ὄντες μάλιστα ἐν τῇ καθεστηκυίᾳ ἡλικίᾳ ἐπηυξήσαμεν καὶ τὴν πόλιν τοῖς πᾶσι παρεσκευάσαμεν καὶ ἐς πόλεμον καὶ ἐς εἰρήνην αὐταρ-κεστάτην. ὧν ἐγὼ τὰ μὲν κατὰ πολέμους ἔργα, οἷς ἕκαστα ἐκτήθη, ἢ εἴ τι αὐτοὶ ἢ οἱ πατέρες ἡμῶν βάρβαρον ἢ Ἕλληνα πολέμιον ἐπιόντα προθύμως ἠμυνάμεθα, μακρηγορεῖν ἐν εἰδόσιν οὐ βουλόμενος ἐάσω 2
The present paper addresses Aeschylus, and the way he wanted to be remembered by his fellow Athen... more The present paper addresses Aeschylus, and the way he wanted to be remembered by his fellow Athenians and the other Greeks. Living from 525/524 until 456/455 BCE 1 , Aeschylus experiences the quick transition of his polis from a small city-state to a leading political and military force to be reckoned with throughout the Greek world. The inscription on his gravestone at Gela, Italy, commemorates his military achievements against the Persians, but makes no mention of his enormous theatrical renown. His plays were so respected by the Athenians that after his death, his were the only tragedies allowed to be restaged in subsequent competitions. And yet Aeschylus, when time came to describe himself and the work of his lifetime, mentioned exclusively his contribution to the fight against the Persian Empire as an Athenian. Triggered by the poet' s narrative on the most memorable moment of his life, the present paper seeks to shed some light on the Athenian political identity, emerged during and soon after the Persian Wars, which not only derived from the newly-established democratic constitution of the late sixth century, but also supported it. Aeschylus' epigram as well as some particular plays of his (the Persae, the Eumenides, and the Suppliants), narrates the confidence, the solidarity and the feeling of equality the Athenian citizens shared with regard to the defence of freedom of their polis as well as of all Greece, which came before anything else in their life, that is above noble descent and wealth. The gravestone of the poet stresses, in other words, how it felt for an Athenian to live during the emergence of the very first Democracy that supported the claim of Athens to become the ruler in the Aegean by establishing its naval "Empire" ideologically upon the commemoration of the victory of the Athenian Democracy against the "tyranny" of Persia at Marathon and Salamis.
The paper addresses the Panhellenic sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi and several Greek city-states' ... more The paper addresses the Panhellenic sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi and several Greek city-states' dedications, gifted to the god. The offerings varied from small objects, such as vases, tripods, statues etc., to whole building constructions such as the so-called treasuries. They constituted a special religious and above all political symbol, and conveyed, given the time as well as the polis that made the dedication, a special political message for the visitors of the sanctuary. By examining the dedications of Syracuse and Athens at the Delphic sanctuary in the early 5 th century BCE1, the present study focuses on two different political claims in the late Archaic and early Classical periods of Greece; "Panhellenism" and "Imperialism", both supported by the concept of opposing to the hateful Other, especially the Barbarian. On the one hand, Syracuse, a Corinthian colony, through its dedications to Apollo in the early 5 th century, aimed at promoting the identity of a polis that constituted a vital part of Greece, as the Syracusans managed to defeat the barbarian Carthaginians and Etruscans in almost the same period during which the united forces of mainland Greece defeated the barbarian Persians and made later on the proper dedications at Delphi. On the other hand, Athens, from the last decade of the 6 th century to the 460's, projected constantly, through its dedications, its self-definition as the defender of the "Panhellenic" rights and interests, and specifically as the restorer of the military and political freedom to the still en-
This paper addresses the construction of a " national " identity of the Athenian inhabitants duri... more This paper addresses the construction of a " national " identity of the Athenian inhabitants during the tyrannical governance of Peisistratos and his sons (561/0-511/0 BCE 1) mainly through a series of religious practices, such as the transfer of cults from the rural areas to the city (asty) of Athens, the reorganization of the Panathenaia, the establishment of the City Dionysia, etc. The present paper investigates how this developed " national " consciousness in the late 6th century, in the sense of the citizens' nationalization within the borders of the Athenian city-state, could enable the political unification of Attica and the emergence of Democracy, taking into account the constitutional reforms of Kleisthenes the Alcmeonid, after the expulsion of the Peisistratidai. This paper focuses on the interpretation of the concept of political equality and the formation of a political identity of the Athenians in the late 6th century onwards, two notions which are treated here as very closely integrated. It was that political consciousness, following the constitutional changes of Kleisthenes, which led the Athenians to their first great military victories in the early 5th century over the Persians. These victories, which indisputably confirmed the strength of the constitution, will be brought, in short, into discussion in order to clarify the transition of Athens from the narrow borders of an archaic city-state to the rise of its naval empire in the " golden " 5th century via the newly-established Democracy.
The present paper addresses the cases of temple plunder or attempt of plunder in the Seleukid Kin... more The present paper addresses the cases of temple plunder or attempt of plunder in the Seleukid Kingdom during the period 211/0-164/3 BCE by kingly order. The paper aims at shedding some light on the motives of Anti-ochos III, Seleukos IV, and Antiochos IV, who-as it is attested by the literary sources-ordered the plunder of temples in several regions of their Kingdom. The despoliation of temples by the Seleukids is often connected, according to many modern historians, with the difficult economic conditions of the Empire after the treaty of Apamea with the Romans in 188. It is therefore stressed that the Kings constantly sacked temples in order to be able to fulfill their unbearable financial obligations to Rome. By examining though the socio-political as well as the economic conditions of Seleukid Kingdom during 211/0-164/3, I am arguing in this paper that the motives of these Kings varied, and were not exclusively related to the economic profit temple pillage would offer them, especially in the cases of Seleukos IV and Antiochos IV.
Book Reviews by Eleni Krikona
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Books by Eleni Krikona
Papers by Eleni Krikona
Book Reviews by Eleni Krikona