ICP

The integration of autonomous AI systems into military operations has raised concerns about the
adherence to the principle of proportionality in international humanitarian law. This paper
examines the challenges posed by autonomous AI systems in upholding the principle of
proportionality and analyzes the impact of varying levels of autonomy on the ability of state actors
to make proportionality assessments during military operations. The research design is qualitative,
using primary and secondary sources, including legal and policy materials and academic articles.
The study identifies advantages and limitations of AI systems in proportionality assessments and
proposes best practices for IHL compliance with autonomous AI systems in military operations,
including ensuring proportionality and precaution, integrating human oversight, and implementing
technological safeguards. The paper recommends further research and policy development to
address the complexities introduced by autonomous AI systems and minimize the risk of excessive
harm to civilians and civilian objects.

This research paper explores the legal challenges Afghan refugees face globally, emphasizing the bureaucratic obstacles within asylum processes. Utilizing qualitative analysis of secondary sources, the study highlights critical issues including legal limbo, refoulement, restrictive state policies, and the UNHCR's limited mandate, with a particular focus on unaccompanied minors. The consequences, such as increased vulnerability and marginalization, are discussed. The paper calls for comprehensive policy reforms, streamlined asylum procedures, adherence to non-refoulement, expanded UNHCR resources, and global responsibility-sharing. It advocates urgent, multifaceted strategies combining legal, international, and societal efforts to address the humanitarian needs of Afghan refugees effectively.