Agricultural Machinery

Ondokuzuncu yüzyıl boyunca Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun yaşamış olduğu tüm dönüşümler, İstanbul'un kent dokusunda, nüfusunun bileşiminde, iktisadi faaliyetlerin gerçekleştirildiği meslek dallarının evriminde, imparatorluğun merkez teşkilatını oluşturan kurumların dönüşümünde ve bu kurumları içinde barındıran şehir merkezinin değişimi eksenlerinde rahatlıkla izlenebilir. Özellikle ondokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren saray ve Osmanlı devlet ricalinin, çeşitli iç ve dış etkenlerin sonucunda, önayak oldukları bir dizi reformların izdüşümü, somut olarak kentin yeni dokusunu ve insan ilişkilerini belirlemeğe başlar. İstanbul kenti, çeşitli açılardan, Osmanlı modernleşme hareketinin kendi yansımasını bulduğu bir ayna işlevi görür.

Advances in technology, agricultural machinery are becoming more comfortable. Performing agricultural occupations, different machinery combinations can be used for performing same operation. Agricultural machinery users have begun to take into consideration ease of use recent years when choosing a machine.

The operation of a power tiller is fatiguing work for the operators. Because of walking behind the machine on a tilled land for hours and environment conditions which make the work harder (air temperature, dust, field conditions etc.), the operators spend high physical efforts during the operation.

Agricultural occupations require much physical efforts and are widely affected from environmental conditions. Therefore, using of farm machinery is indispensable. Different equipment and machinery have been used while performing agricultural operations. These equipment and machinery can be used to perform same operation.

Many different equipment and machinery have been used while performing agricultural operations. This equipments and machines can be used to perform same operation. Users take into consideration purchasing power, maintenance capability of machine and ease of use when choosing a machine. In this study, we compared operator's energy expenditure with working a rotary tiller mounted tractor and power tiller which have same working width. Energy expenditure of operators was measured by SensWear Armband at operation of hoeing field. Measurements were taken for working different machines at three different forward speeds. Three well acquainted operators were used this research. Measurements of energy expenditure values were statistically analyzed using Minitab 15.0 and MSTAT. Variance analyses showed that forward speed, operator*type of machine interactions were statistically significant (p<0.01). Based on the findings of these analyses; energy expenditure of operators increases as increasing in forward speed. Energy expenditure value of each operator is different from others at working with power tiller. And energy expenditure value of tilling operation with power tiller is higher than working with rotary tiller mounted tractor.

Özet: Tarımsal işletmelerde çalışanların alet ve makinaları kullanırken karşılaştıkları fiziksel yüklenmenin kişinin performans sınırının üzerine çıkması, zorlanmalara bağlı rahatsızlıkların oluşması nedeniyle kişilerin yaşam kalitesini etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle fiziksel işlerde çalışanların yüklenme seviyesinin belirlenmesi önem taşımaktadır.

Tarımda çalıĢanların çalıĢma ortamları gereği karĢılaĢtıkları sağlık ve güvenlikle ilgili sorunlar; tarımın sürekli geliĢen ve değiĢen dinamik yapısı nedeniyle hem geliĢmiĢ ülkelerde ve hem de geliĢmekte olan ülkelerde önemini korumaktadır. Bu sorunların gerekli altyapı çalıĢmaları yapılmıĢ ülkelerde, sistemli yaklaĢımlarla çözülebilmesi olanaklı görülmektedir.

In this study, blackberry fruits were dried in a pilot-scale hot-air dryer to identify the drying characteristics of the fruits. The air velocity was set as 1 m·s−1, and the temperature range was set as 54 to 75 °C. Fick’s law of diffusion was used to describe heat transfer during the decreasing rate period. Effective diffusivity values were calculated, and the Arrhenius constitutive model was used to describe the temperature dependence of these values. The Page, logarithmic, approximation of diffusion, two-term, and Midilli et al. models were used to fit the experimental data. A nonlinear regression analysis was used to calculate rate constants and model coefficients. The present findings revealed that among the tested models, the Midilli et al. model best described the experimental data; therefore, it was concluded that the model could be used to describe the drying characteristics of blackberry fruits.

A significant reduction in nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural fields will make a positive impact on the environment. Managing nitrogen for the optimum application provides economic benefits as well as environmental protection. This study presents a model that was developed to determine the optimum ratio of N to yield based on N sensor indices in winter wheat. A quadratic polynomial model was used to characterize the relationship between N and yield for the optimum N rate. The N was applied to the Bezostaja and Ahmetaga wheat varieties at 0 kg N ha -1 , 80 kg N ha -1 , 120 kg N ha -1 , 160 kg N ha -1 and 200 kg N ha -1 ratios. The results showed that the most economical mean estimated N rate was 167.6 kg N ha -1 for Bezostaja and 206 kg N ha -1 for Ahmetaga.

Classification of hazelnuts is one of the values adding processes that increase the marketability and profitability of its production. While traditional classification methods are used commonly, machine learning and deep learning can be implemented to enhance the hazelnut classification processes. This paper presents the results of a comparative study of machine learning frameworks to classify hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars (‘Sivri’, ‘Kara’, ‘Tombul’) using DL4J and ensemble learning algorithms. For each cultivar, 50 samples were used for evaluations. Maximum length, width, compression strength, and weight of hazelnuts were measured using a caliper and a force transducer. Gradient boosting machine (Boosting), random forest (Bagging), and DL4J feedforward (Deep Learning) algorithms were applied in traditional machine learning algorithms. The data set was partitioned into a 10-fold-cross validation method. The classifier performance criteria of accuracy (%), error percentage...

It is crucial to transport agricultural workers safely to the field or orchard to carry out agricultural activities. In our country, although it is not recommended in terms of security, transporting agricultural workers to field, vineyard-orchard is usually carried out with agricultural trailers. There are traffic regulations about transporting agricultural workers with agricultural trailers. However, both non-compliance with the regulations and the accidents that occur during the transport of workers with agricultural trailers that do not have a safe transport arrangement can result in severe injuries and loss of life. In this research, two different roll-over protection structure (ROPS) of the demountable-mountable seating arrangement models are designed for the safe transportation of agricultural workers. Developed models are analyzed using ANSYS software in terms of total deformation and stress parameters in the computer environment.

Companies and individual entrepreneurs which takes the milk from dairy storage points and dairy farms to distribute in the city centers, use milk cooling units mounted on pickup chassis.  Cooling units are manufactured using stainless steel, 1st class Tungsten Inert Gas welded, with a capacity of 200 to 5000 L, designed to remain no liquids inside. Cooling units are required for milk to be delivered to the customer without losing its freshness, without spoiling on the road, hundreds of kilometers on the vehicle. In this study, a milk cooling and storage unit based on a Peltier element with a capacity of 1000 L was designed. Energy calculations and finite element method was used to analyze the design of the developed model. As a result of the analyzes, it has been concluded that the milk can be cooled by three times less energy consumption with the Peltier Centric Cooling Unit developed.

Turkey is an important sugar beet producer in the world. Turkey has produced 15 488 332 tones of sugar beet from 3 219, 806 ha of production area and has also produced 2 061 000 tones of sugar in 2008. Sugar beet harvesting by machine is common practice in Turkey. During mechanical harvesting several mechanical loaders have caused skin and tissue damages to sugar beets. The damages to the skin and tissue of the sugar beets results in quantitative and qualitative losses. After harvesting, comparisons of sugar beets quality are important in terms of sugar losses during transformation process. Three widely used types of harvesters have been operated in this study. One of these machines is fully hydraulic sugar beet harvest machine with ajustable depth and row, the second one is semi-hydraulic sugar beet harvest machine and the last one is a mechanical sugar beet harvest machine. Harvesters were tried in the same field conditions during the months of September and October 2009. Performa...

The aim of this study was to determine the spatial variation in yield and protein content of wheat plant by utilizing the electrical conductivity of the soil. As a result of this study, significant relationships were determined. For all of the varieties used in the research, a linear relationship were found between electrical conductivity values of the soil with the yield values as well as the protein contents. According to the results, with the increase of electrical conductivity values, yield values decreases and the protein content increases. As a result of the research, the relations between the electrical conductivity values of the soil and the yield values were determined as R = 0,81 for bezostaja-1, R = 0,81 for Gün-91 variety, R = 0,77 for Sagittario and R = 0,73 for Altıntaş-95 as well as R = 0,88 for Gönen-98 varieties respectively. The relationships between the electrical conductivity values of the soil and the protein contents were determined as R = 0,83 for Bezostaja-1 ...

Many different equipment and machinery have been used while performing agricultural operations. Some equipment and machines can be used to perform the same operation. When a user is purchasing equipment he often considers the power output, maintenance capability and ease of use before choosing a specific machine. In this study, we compared an operator&#39;s energy consumption for working a rotary tiller mounted tractor with a power tiller that has the same working width. Energy consumption of operators was measured by SensWear Armband when performing hoeing a field operation. Measurements were taken for the operation of four different machines at three different forward speeds. Three experienced operators participated in this research experience. Measurements of energy consumption values were statistically analyzed using Minitab 15.0 and MSTAT. Variance analysis showed that forward speed, operator, type of machine showed interactions that were statistically significant (p&lt;0.01). ...

Using classical design methods for a tillage machine does not completely show a safety results. The 3D finite element analysis method (FEM) is one of the technique that generally used for total deformation and equivalent stress analysis in farm machinery and tools under different condition. In this study, the total deformation and equivalent stress were investigated in two different types of harrows and three different types of tines. Commercial FEM analysis software Ansys and SolidWorks were used in this study. SolidWorks software was used for design stage and Ansys Workbench was used in the analysis of the generated models. The proposed models was taken into account both the variability in tillage system parameters and operational conditions. The FEM analysis was set up in 3D, linear, general material model assumptions. Stainless steel material were assigned for the models. Ansys Workbench meshing functions were utilized to create a mesh structure of the models. According to the s...

Agricultural occupations require much physical efforts and are widely affected from environmental conditions. Therefore, using of farm machinery is indispensable. Different equipment and machinery have been used while performing agricultural operations. These equipment and machinery can be used to perform same operation. In this study, we compared operator’s energy expenditure and means of heart beat values with working a rotary tiller mounted tractor and power tiller which have same working width. Energy expenditure values of operators were measured by SensWear Armband. Polar RS 800 heart rate transmitter watch was used to determine means of operators’ heart beat values at operation of hoeing field. Measurements were taken for working this different machinery at three different forward speeds. Measurements of energy expenditure values were statistically analyzed using Minitab 15.0 and MSTAT. Based on the findings of these analyses; energy expenditure and means of operators’ heart b...

Çapa makinasıyla çalışmada operatörler, makinayı kullanmanın fiziksel yükü yanı sıra sıcaklık, çalışılan ortamın tozu ve makinadan alınan sürekli titreşimler gibi birçok olumsuz faktörün etkisi altındadır. Araştırma kapsamında operatörler 4 farklı çalışma programında çapa makinası ile çalıştırılmışlardır. Günlük 8 saat olan çalışma süresi, her programda toplam 6 saat çalışma ve toplam 2 saat dinlenme süresi olacak şekilde farklı çalışma ve dinlenme sürelerine ayrılarak bu parametrelerin operatörün enerji tüketimi ve kalp atım değerleri üzerindeki etkileri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma programlarına göre çapa makinası ile çalışmada dakikadaki enerji tüketimi genel olarak 16,8 kJ değerinin üzerinde bulunmuştur. Bu sonuç; çapa makinası ile çalışmayı ağır iş sınıfına sokmaktadır. Bu çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ışığında, çapa işlemi sırasında operatörlerinin daha az yüklenmelerini sağlayacak önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Anahtar kelimeler: Ergonomi, çapa makinası, enerji tüketimi, kalp atım sayısı.

Lecithin is usually derived as a by-product of vegetable oil processing. It is also known as phosphotidycholine, it is important for its wide use in food manufacturing, product development as well as pharmaceutical products formulation. The quantity of lecithin being imported into Nigeria for use in several industrial sectors is steadily increasing; the attendant effects of such huge importation can be minimized by sourcing lecithin from Nigerian varieties of oil bearing seeds such as sesame. Sequel to a careful selection of seeds, oil was extracted from four varieties of Nigerian sesame using soxlet extraction method. Lecithin was later produced from the extracted oil through oil degumming process. Lecithin quality parameters such as Iodine Values (I.V), Peroxide Values (P.V), Saponification Value (Sap.V), Acid Values (A.V) and Free Fatty Acid (FFA) values were subsequently evaluated for all oil and lecithin samples extracted. Percentage yield of lecithin isolated from the selected varieties of sesame namely: NCRIBEN 01M, NCRIBEN O2M, NCRIBEN