Departments Anatomy

The aim of this study was to determine the course of the median nerve and its adjacent structures in the carpal canals of 8 healthy dogs by using high-frequency transducers. Before performing ultrasonography, the transverse and posteroanterior diameters as well as the perimeter of the carpus were measured at just proximal to the side of the carpal pad. The anatomical structures were then determined at two levels of the carpal canal, which were named the proximal and distal levels, on the transverse sonograms. The cross-sectional areas, perimeters and the transverse and posteroanterior diameters of the median nerve were measured at these levels. Although all the measurements were larger at the proximal level, significant differences between the proximal and distal levels were determined for the cross-sectional area, the perimeter and the transverse diameter of the median nerve. On the transverse sonogram, the deep digital flexor tendon was seen in almost the center of the carpal canal like a comma shape and also it had a small concavity on the caudal side. The superficial digital flexor tendon was seen as an ovoid shape on the transverse sonograms and it was located nearly at the posterior side of the carpal canal. Both tendons were seen as intermediate-grade echogenic structures. The median artery was located inside of the concavity of the deep digital flexor tendon. Also, the median nerve was seen at the posteromedial side of the median artery. As a result of this study, the cross-sectional areas of the median nerve ranged between 1.01-2.68 mm2 at the proximal level and between 0.93-1.91 mm2 at the distal level.

The aim of this study was to investigate the H-reflex in the forelimb and to compare the forelimb and hindlimb H-reflex results and Hmax/Mmax ratios in rabbit. For this purpose, we used 15 healthy adult female New Zealand albino rabbits. Left limbs of rabbits were used for stimulation and recording procedures using general anesthesia. Electrophysiological tests were performed using Nikolet Viking Quest (USA) 2-channel EMG equipment. The median and the tibial nerves were used to evaluate H-reflex and M-waves. Latencies of the H-reflex were almost the same in both limbs. However, M-wave latencies and amplitudes were significantly different, P-values being P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively. Hmax/Mmax ratios of the forelimb (0.15 ± 0.075) and the hindlimb (0.15 ± 0.068) were similar in rabbits. One possible reason for our Hmax/Mmax ratio results may be related to interspecies differences in descending pathways from red nucleus and reticular formation to cervical and lumbar spinal segments.

Develerde kalp kas köprülerinin morfolojik özelliklerini tanımlamak amacıyla yapılan bu çalışmada 17 adet erkek tek hörgüçlü güreş devesi kalbi kullanıldı. Kalpler, koroner arterlerin interventriküler dallarının seyri ve kalp kas köprülerinin şekillenişi arasındaki ilişkiye göre üç grup altında incelendi. Kalplerden birinin sağ yüzünde (% 5,88) ve beşinin sol yüzünde (% 29,41) olmak üzere, toplam altı kalpte (% 35,29) kalp kas köprüsü oluşumu tespit edildi. Mikrometrik kumpas ile ölçülen kalp kas köprüsü genişliklerinin 7-15 mm arasında olduğu belirlendi. Elde edilen bulgular, devede hem koroner arterlerin subperikardial ve intramiyokardiyal seyirleri bakımından hem de kalp kas köprülerinin varlığı ve yerleşim yerleri bakımından bireysel farklılıklar bulunduğunu gösterdi.

This study has been carried out to determine the normal size and shape of the carpal canal in the dog and to describe the salient anatomic structures with the aid of computed tomography. Computed tomographic examination of the carpal region was performed in the left and right forelimbs of 5 male and 5 female healthy German shepherd dogs, respectively. Areas, depths and widths of the carpal canal and identification of the anatomical structures were determined at two levels of the carpal region. The frozen forelimbs of two cadavers were sectioned with a saw to correlate the CT images with these sections. All scans were studied using both bony and soft tissue windows. The measurements of the right and left carpal canals did not differ significantly in male or female dogs, respectively although they were larger in the male than female dogs. In addition to this, the measurements of the carpal canal were larger in the distal than the proximal slice. The lateral tip of the deep digital flexor tendon was located more cranially in the distal part than in the proximal part of the carpal canal. Thus, the distance between the bones and the deep digital flexor tendon decreased and the distance between the deep and superficial digital flexor tendons increased. This localization is important in regard to neuropathy because the median nerve was located between the deep and superficial flexor tendons and this region was wider at the distal than the proximal part of the carpal canal. As a result of this study, it was found that the carpal canal of the dog much resembled that of humans and this similarity can easily generate a predisposition to focal neuropathy namely, carpal tunnel syndrome in dogs.

Bu çalışmada, 2011 yılında başlanılan Thyateira kazılarında Tepe Mezarlığı ve Hastane Höyüğü mevkilerinde ele geçen kemik eserler ile bu kazılarda bulunan hayvan kemikleri üzerine yapılan incelemeler ele alınacaktır. Prehistorik devirlere tarihlenebilecek herhangi bir kemik objenin henüz tespit edilmediği Thyateira kazılarındaki kemik buluntuların tamamı Roma Dönemi'ne tarihlenmektedir. Ele geçen kemik eserler içerisinde en büyük grubu tıp/kozmetik aletleri ile süs eşyaları oluşturmaktadır.