The Discussion of Future Contingency and Its Background in Ancient and Medieval Logic 2. A Formal... more The Discussion of Future Contingency and Its Background in Ancient and Medieval Logic 2. A Formalisation of the Classical Argument 3. Branching Time Semantics 4. The Solutions Based on Rejection of the Principle of Future Excluded Middle 4.1 Jan Łukasiewicz' Three-valued Semantics 4.2 The Peircean Solution 5. The Solutions Based on the Rejection of the Necessity of the Past 5.
Jacob Lorhard published his ontology in 1606. In this work the term ontologia 'ontology' was used... more Jacob Lorhard published his ontology in 1606. In this work the term ontologia 'ontology' was used for the first time ever. In this paper, it is argued that Lorhard's ontology provides a useful key to the understanding of the early 17 th-century world view in Protestant Europe. Among other things, Lorhard's ontology reflects how the relations between scientific investigation and religious belief were seen. It is also argued that several of the conceptual choices which Lorhard made in order to establish his ontology may still be relevant for modern makers of ontological systems. In particular, Lorhard's considerations on the notions of reality and time deserve modern reflections. Also his assumption of the educational value of diagrammatical ontology deserves a modern discussion. Along with this paper an online hypertext version of Lorhard's ontology has been presented in order to create a useful tool for historical research in early 17 th-century thought and in order to illustrate the problems, which characterized the early attempt at establishing a diagrammatical approach to ontology. Note: References with just a page number (e.g. [p.17]) refer to the English translation of Lorhard's Ontology [7]
A.N. Prior developed his famous tense-logical paradigm during a period of 15 years (1954-1969). H... more A.N. Prior developed his famous tense-logical paradigm during a period of 15 years (1954-1969). However, it turns out that this work was done under the influence of a long struggle with scientific, philosophical and theological problems regarding time and reality. During his childhood, it was generally taken for granted that we can to some extent make free choices. However, when Prior was16 years old he wrote three booklets in which he rejected free-will and defended a kind of determinism related to the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination. He held on to this view for almost two decades, although he went through periods of doubt during which he felt that his world-view was challenged. In 1954 he finally left determinism and embraced a tense-logical account of indeterminism, presentism and change. In terms of McTaggart's A-and B-series this means that Prior as a teenager left the A-theoretical approach to time and reality which had dominated his childhood, and furthermore that after several years as a B-theorist he returned to a logically elaborated A-theory of time and reality. Prior's long metaphysical journey made it possible for him to suggest a tense-logical paradigm that reaches far beyond his own models and theories.
This paper offers a discussion of the usefulness of the ontology editor Protégé 5.0 as a tool for... more This paper offers a discussion of the usefulness of the ontology editor Protégé 5.0 as a tool for working with qualitative data. As an illustration we focus on an ongoing research project on the worldviews and beliefs of three groups of religious and spiritual professionals in Denmark. It is argued that the use of Protégé in this case can provide important new insights. It is also argued that Protégé can reveal unforeseen relations and give rise to interesting questions for further research. However, it is finally argued that this Protégé approach can only catch some of the aspects of a worldview.
2016 23rd International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME), 2016
Logic has sometimes been seen as an alternative to metaphysics and to speculation. In this paper ... more Logic has sometimes been seen as an alternative to metaphysics and to speculation. In this paper it is argued that a different story should be told when it comes to temporal logic and tense-logic in particular. A. N. Prior's first formulation of tense logic was mainly established in order to qualify the discussion of certain metaphysical and conceptual problems. Although temporal logic has now been developed in various abstract and rather technical ways, it may still serve as a great help for anyone who wants to clarify the discussion of important existential questions like the nature of time, determinism, future contingency or freedom of choice.
The discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) is ubiquitous in spectral analysis as a result of the intro... more The discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) is ubiquitous in spectral analysis as a result of the introduction of the Fast Fourier transform by Cooley and Tukey in 1965. In 1987, E. T. Jaynes derived the DFT using Bayesian Probability Theory and provided surprising new insights into its role in spectral analysis. From this new perspective the spectral resolution achievable is directly dependent on the signal to noise ratio and can be orders of magnitude better than that of a conventional Fourier power spectrum or periodogram. This was the starting point for an ongoing Bayesian revolution in spectral analysis which is reviewed in this paper, with examples taken from physics and astronomy. The revolution is based on a viewpoint of Bayesian Inference as extended logic.
This paper deals with the history and the philosophy of some important conceptual structures of t... more This paper deals with the history and the philosophy of some important conceptual structures of time and modality. In particular, the focus is on the historical and philosophical background of the introduction of the notion of branching time as a useful conceptual structure in philosophical logic. It is pointed out that the idea was first suggested by Saul Kripke in a letter to A.N. Prior, dated Sept. 3, 1958. It is also shown in the paper that Prior received the idea positively and that he developed it significantly in his later writings, although he at least in the beginning met the idea with some reservation and hesitation. Prior's development of branching time may be understood as a crucial part of his attempt at the formulation of a conceptual framework integrating basic human notions of time, free choice and ethics. Finally, the paper presents some challenges regarding the significance of branching time in philosophy and in the study of information architecture.
The Discussion of Future Contingency and Its Background in Ancient and Medieval Logic 2. A Formal... more The Discussion of Future Contingency and Its Background in Ancient and Medieval Logic 2. A Formalisation of the Classical Argument 3. Branching Time Semantics 4. The Solutions Based on Rejection of the Principle of Future Excluded Middle 4.1 Jan Łukasiewicz' Three-valued Semantics 4.2 The Peircean Solution 5. The Solutions Based on the Rejection of the Necessity of the Past 5.
Jacob Lorhard published his ontology in 1606. In this work the term ontologia 'ontology' was used... more Jacob Lorhard published his ontology in 1606. In this work the term ontologia 'ontology' was used for the first time ever. In this paper, it is argued that Lorhard's ontology provides a useful key to the understanding of the early 17 th-century world view in Protestant Europe. Among other things, Lorhard's ontology reflects how the relations between scientific investigation and religious belief were seen. It is also argued that several of the conceptual choices which Lorhard made in order to establish his ontology may still be relevant for modern makers of ontological systems. In particular, Lorhard's considerations on the notions of reality and time deserve modern reflections. Also his assumption of the educational value of diagrammatical ontology deserves a modern discussion. Along with this paper an online hypertext version of Lorhard's ontology has been presented in order to create a useful tool for historical research in early 17 th-century thought and in order to illustrate the problems, which characterized the early attempt at establishing a diagrammatical approach to ontology. Note: References with just a page number (e.g. [p.17]) refer to the English translation of Lorhard's Ontology [7]
A.N. Prior developed his famous tense-logical paradigm during a period of 15 years (1954-1969). H... more A.N. Prior developed his famous tense-logical paradigm during a period of 15 years (1954-1969). However, it turns out that this work was done under the influence of a long struggle with scientific, philosophical and theological problems regarding time and reality. During his childhood, it was generally taken for granted that we can to some extent make free choices. However, when Prior was16 years old he wrote three booklets in which he rejected free-will and defended a kind of determinism related to the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination. He held on to this view for almost two decades, although he went through periods of doubt during which he felt that his world-view was challenged. In 1954 he finally left determinism and embraced a tense-logical account of indeterminism, presentism and change. In terms of McTaggart's A-and B-series this means that Prior as a teenager left the A-theoretical approach to time and reality which had dominated his childhood, and furthermore that after several years as a B-theorist he returned to a logically elaborated A-theory of time and reality. Prior's long metaphysical journey made it possible for him to suggest a tense-logical paradigm that reaches far beyond his own models and theories.
This paper offers a discussion of the usefulness of the ontology editor Protégé 5.0 as a tool for... more This paper offers a discussion of the usefulness of the ontology editor Protégé 5.0 as a tool for working with qualitative data. As an illustration we focus on an ongoing research project on the worldviews and beliefs of three groups of religious and spiritual professionals in Denmark. It is argued that the use of Protégé in this case can provide important new insights. It is also argued that Protégé can reveal unforeseen relations and give rise to interesting questions for further research. However, it is finally argued that this Protégé approach can only catch some of the aspects of a worldview.
2016 23rd International Symposium on Temporal Representation and Reasoning (TIME), 2016
Logic has sometimes been seen as an alternative to metaphysics and to speculation. In this paper ... more Logic has sometimes been seen as an alternative to metaphysics and to speculation. In this paper it is argued that a different story should be told when it comes to temporal logic and tense-logic in particular. A. N. Prior's first formulation of tense logic was mainly established in order to qualify the discussion of certain metaphysical and conceptual problems. Although temporal logic has now been developed in various abstract and rather technical ways, it may still serve as a great help for anyone who wants to clarify the discussion of important existential questions like the nature of time, determinism, future contingency or freedom of choice.
The discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) is ubiquitous in spectral analysis as a result of the intro... more The discrete Fourier transforms (DFT) is ubiquitous in spectral analysis as a result of the introduction of the Fast Fourier transform by Cooley and Tukey in 1965. In 1987, E. T. Jaynes derived the DFT using Bayesian Probability Theory and provided surprising new insights into its role in spectral analysis. From this new perspective the spectral resolution achievable is directly dependent on the signal to noise ratio and can be orders of magnitude better than that of a conventional Fourier power spectrum or periodogram. This was the starting point for an ongoing Bayesian revolution in spectral analysis which is reviewed in this paper, with examples taken from physics and astronomy. The revolution is based on a viewpoint of Bayesian Inference as extended logic.
This paper deals with the history and the philosophy of some important conceptual structures of t... more This paper deals with the history and the philosophy of some important conceptual structures of time and modality. In particular, the focus is on the historical and philosophical background of the introduction of the notion of branching time as a useful conceptual structure in philosophical logic. It is pointed out that the idea was first suggested by Saul Kripke in a letter to A.N. Prior, dated Sept. 3, 1958. It is also shown in the paper that Prior received the idea positively and that he developed it significantly in his later writings, although he at least in the beginning met the idea with some reservation and hesitation. Prior's development of branching time may be understood as a crucial part of his attempt at the formulation of a conceptual framework integrating basic human notions of time, free choice and ethics. Finally, the paper presents some challenges regarding the significance of branching time in philosophy and in the study of information architecture.
This book contains the proceedings of the International Workshop on EuroPLOT Persuasive Technolog... more This book contains the proceedings of the International Workshop on EuroPLOT Persuasive Technology for Learning, Education and Teaching (IWEPLET) 2013 which was held on 16.-17.September 2013 in Paphos (Cyprus) in conjunction with the EC-TEL conference. The workshop and hence the proceedings are divided in two parts: on Day 1 the EuroPLOT project and its results are introduced, with papers about the specific case studies and their evaluation. On Day 2, peer-reviewed papers are presented which address specific topics and issues going beyond the EuroPLOT scope.
This workshop is one of the deliverables (D 2.6) of the EuroPLOT project, which has been funded from November 2010 – October 2013 by the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of the European Commission through the Lifelong Learning Programme (LLL) by grant #511633. The purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate Persuasive Learning Objects and Technologies (PLOTS), based on ideas of BJ Fogg. The purpose of this workshop is to summarize the findings obtained during this project and disseminate them to an interested audience. Furthermore, it shall foster discussions about the future of persuasive technology and design in the context of learning, education and teaching.
The international community working in this area of research is relatively small. Nevertheless, we have received a number of high-quality submissions which went through a peer-review process before being selected for presentation and publication. We hope that the information found in this book is useful to the reader and that more interest in this novel approach of persuasive design for teaching/education/learning is stimulated.
We are very grateful to the organisers of EC-TEL 2013 for allowing to host IWEPLET 2013 within their organisational facilities which helped us a lot in preparing this event.
I am also very grateful to everyone in the EuroPLOT team for collaborating so effectively in these three years towards creating excellent outputs, and for being such a nice group with a very positive spirit also beyond work.
And finally I would like to thank the EACEA for providing the financial resources for the EuroPLOT project and for being very helpful when needed. This funding made it possible to organise the IWEPLET workshop without charging a fee from the participants.
Proceedings of the International Workshop on EuroPLOT Persuasive Technology for Learning, Education and Teaching
The concept of persuasive design has demonstrated its benefits by changing human behavior in cert... more The concept of persuasive design has demonstrated its benefits by changing human behavior in certain situations, but in the area of education and learning, this approach has rarely been used. To change this and to study the feasibility of persuasive technology in teaching and learning, the EuroPLOT project (PLOT = Persuasive Learning Objects and Technologies) has been funded 2010-2013 by the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) in the Life-long Learning (LLL) programme. In this program two tools have been developed (PLOTMaker and PLOTLearner) which allow to create learning objects with inherently persuasive concepts embedded. These tools and the learning objects have been evaluated in four case studies: language learning (Ancient Hebrew), museum learning (Kaj Munk Museum, Denmark), chemical handling, and academic Business Computing. These case studies cover a wide range of different learning styles and learning groups, and the results obtained through the evaluation of these case studies show the wide range of success of persuasive learning. They also indicate the limitations and areas where improvements are required.
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Papers by Peter Øhrstrøm
This workshop is one of the deliverables (D 2.6) of the EuroPLOT project, which has been funded from November 2010 – October 2013 by the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of the European Commission through the Lifelong Learning Programme (LLL) by grant #511633. The purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate Persuasive Learning Objects and Technologies (PLOTS), based on ideas of BJ Fogg. The purpose of this workshop is to summarize the findings obtained during this project and disseminate them to an interested audience. Furthermore, it shall foster discussions about the future of persuasive technology and design in the context of learning, education and teaching.
The international community working in this area of research is relatively small. Nevertheless, we have received a number of high-quality submissions which went through a peer-review process before being selected for presentation and publication. We hope that the information found in this book is useful to the reader and that more interest in this novel approach of persuasive design for teaching/education/learning is stimulated.
We are very grateful to the organisers of EC-TEL 2013 for allowing to host IWEPLET 2013 within their organisational facilities which helped us a lot in preparing this event.
I am also very grateful to everyone in the EuroPLOT team for collaborating so effectively in these three years towards creating excellent outputs, and for being such a nice group with a very positive spirit also beyond work.
And finally I would like to thank the EACEA for providing the financial resources for the EuroPLOT project and for being very helpful when needed. This funding made it possible to organise the IWEPLET workshop without charging a fee from the participants.