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维基百科，自由的百科全书

「行動應用程式」是一種被設計運行在如智慧型手機和平板電腦等行動裝置上的電腦程式。大部分這類裝置販買時會綁定很多應用程式作為預先安裝的軟體（英语：Pre-installed software），如網頁瀏覽器、電子郵件用戶端，日曆軟體（英语：Calendaring software）、地圖程式還有行動音樂（英语：buying music）或其他媒體或更多應用程式。有些預先安裝的軟體可以被普通的解除安裝處理程序移除，因此可以留下更多儲存空間給想要的軟體。某些不允許移除的軟體上，有些裝置可以被rooted來消除不想要的應用程式。

行動本機應用程序與運行在桌上型電腦的應用程式及運行在行動瀏覽器的網路應用程式相對，而不是直接在行動裝置上運行。

概觀

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非預先安裝的軟體經常是由被稱為應用程式商店（英语：app store）的分銷平台取得。這些分銷平台在2008年開始出現，且經常由行動作業系統的擁有者所經營，如蘋果的App Store、Google Play、Windows商店，以及黑莓世界。有些應用程式是免費的而其他必須要購買。通常，這些應用程式是從這些平台被下載到目標裝置，而有時候也可以從筆記型電腦或桌上型電腦上下載。對於那些要錢的應用程式，通常有20%至30%的價錢會流向分銷供應商（如iTunes），剩下的則歸該應用程式的製造者所有[1]因此同樣的應用程式會因不同的行動平台而有不同價錢。

app這個詞是「應用程式軟體」（application software）的縮寫。已經變得非常受風行，在2010年也被美國方言協會（英语：American Dialect Society）[2]列為 「年度之字（英语：Word of the year）」 在2009年， 科技專欄作家戴維·伯格曾說更新的智慧型手機可以被稱為「應用程式手機」（app phones），以和早期的較不複雜的智慧型手機區別。[3]

行動應用程式原本是用來提供一般性的產量及資訊取得，包含電子郵件、電子日曆（英语：calendar）、聯繫、股票市場以及天氣資訊。然而，大眾需求以及開發者工具的可取得性驅動了其他種類的迅速擴展，如那些桌面應用程式所負責的組件。如同其他軟體，應用程式在數量及種類上的暴增使探索成為一項挑戰，也接著導致廣泛審查、建議、策展源包括部落格、雜誌以及專門的線上應用程式探索服務的產生。在2014年政府監管機關開始嘗試規範及篩選應用程式，特別是醫療相關的應用程式。[4]有些公司因為其相對於官方網頁的優勢而提供應用程式作為發表內容(媒體)（英语：content (media)）的替代方案。[5]

行動應用程式的運用在行動電話使用者中已經越來越普遍。[6]2012年5月一項在comScore（英语：comScore）的研究指出，在上一季期間,更多行動訂閱者使用應用程式而不是在他們的裝置瀏覽網頁，分別是：51.1%比49.8%。[7] Researchers found that usage of mobile apps strongly correlates with user context and depends on user's location and time of the day.[8]

市場研究公司高德納諮詢公司預測，在2013年，將有1020億個應用程式將被下載（91%為免費），這在美國將會創造$260億，高達2012年44.4%的$180億[9] By Q2 2015, the Google Play and Apple stores alone generated $5 billion.[10] An analyst report estimates that the app economy creates revenues of more than €10 billion per year within the European 1Union, while over 529,000 jobs have been created in 28 EU states due to the growth of the app market.[11]

發展

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工作中的開發者

開發為行動裝置使用的應用程式需要考慮這些裝置的限制及特性。行動裝置需要電池運行並擁有相較於個人電腦較弱的中央處理器且也有較多特性如位置偵測及相機。由於激烈的行動軟體競爭和各平台內的變化，開發者也必須考慮各式各樣的螢幕尺寸、硬體規格及配置。

行動應用程式開發需要使用專門的整合開發環境。首先在開發環境內使用模擬器測試，之後再現場測試。模擬器提供一個較不昂貴的方式來測試行動手機上的應用程式，但開發者可能沒有該實體裝置。[12]

行動使用者介面（UI）設計也非常重要。行動使用者介面考慮限制及環境、螢幕、輸入及機動性作為設計上的概觀。使用者經常專注在與裝置的互動，而介面意指兼含軟體及硬體兩者的元件。使用者輸入允許使用者操控一個系統，使用者輸出允許系統顯示由於使用者操作所造成的影響。行動 UI 設計的限制包含有限的專注及樣式因素，如行動裝置為使用者的手考慮的螢幕尺寸。行動UI背景訊號是從user activity來呼叫，例如從行動應用程式內的使用者互動可以顯示的位置以及調度。總而言之，行動UI的設計目標基本上就是一個易懂、方便使用者的介面。

行動UI或前端主要仰賴行動後端來支援企業系統的存取。行動後端促進了檔案路由、安全性、認證、授權、離線工作及服務編排。這個功能是由中介軟體組件包括應用程式伺服器、行動後端即為服務（英语：Mobile Backend as a service）（MBaaS）服務導向架構基礎架構混合而成。

分銷

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兩個最大的應用程式商店（英语：app store）分別是Android系統的Google Play及iOS系統的App Store (iOS)。

Google Play

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主条目：Google Play
Google Android OS中的apps

Google Play(原名Android Market)是Google為了Android裝置所開發的線上國際軟體商店，在2008年10月成立。[13]2014年8月，約有130多萬的Android應用程式可以取得。[14] 且據估計約有400億的應用程式下載次數。2013年7月，在超過100萬種透過Google Play下載的應用程式中，下載次數已超過500億。[15] 截至2015年2月，根據《Statista.com》，可取得的應用程式數量超過了140萬。

App Store

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蘋果公司用於iOS的應用程式商店並不是第一個應用程式分銷服務，但他引發了行動革命，在2008年7月10號成立，而到2011年1月據回報已經有超過10億的下載量。起始的應用程式商店（英语：App Store）首先在1993年由傑西泰勒在NeXTWorld Expo[16]展示給Steve Jobs。截至2011年6月6號，已有425000個可取得的應用程式以及2000萬的iOS使用者在下載。[17][18] During Apple's 2012 Worldwide Developers Conference, Apple CEO Tim Cook announced that the App Store has 650,000 available apps to download as well as 30 billion apps downloaded from the app store until that date.[19] From an alternative perspective, figures seen in July 2013 by the BBC from tracking service Adeven indicate over two-thirds of apps in the store are "zombies", barely ever installed by consumers.[20]

Others

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  • Amazon Appstore is an alternative application store for the Android operating system. It was opened in March 2011, with 3800 applications.[21] The Amazon Appstore's Android Apps can also run on BlackBerry 10 devices.
  • BlackBerry World is the application store for BlackBerry 10 and BlackBerry OS devices. It opened in April 2009 as BlackBerry App World. BlackBerry 10 users can also run Android apps.
  • Ovi (Nokia) for Nokia phones was launched internationally in May 2009. In May 2011, Nokia announced plans to rebrand its Ovi product line under the Nokia brand[22] and Ovi Store was renamed Nokia Store in October 2011.[23] Nokia Store will no longer allow developers to publish new apps or app updates for its legacy Symbian and MeeGo operating systems from January 2014.[24]
  • Windows Phone Store was introduced by Microsoft for its Windows Phone platform, which was launched in October 2010. 截至2012年10月 (2012-10), it has over 120,000 apps available.[25]
  • Windows Store was introduced by Microsoft for its Windows 8 and Windows RT platforms. While it can also carry listings for traditional desktop programs certified for compatibility with Windows 8, it is primarily used to distribute "Windows Store apps"—which are primarily built for use on tablets and other touch-based devices (but can still be used with a keyboard and mouse, and on desktop computers and laptops).[26][27]
  • Samsung Apps was founded in September 2009.[28] As of October 2011, Samsung Apps reached 10 million downloads. The store is available in 125 countries and it offers apps for Windows Mobile, Android and Bada platforms.
  • The Electronic AppWrapper was the first electronic distribution service to collectively provide encryption and purchasing electronically[29]
  • There are many other independent app stores for Android devices.

Marketing

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No matter what store, app discoverability became more difficult in the 2010s. Organic downloads from the app stores were mainly attributed to App Store Optimization. However, given the increasing competition, app publishers must invest in mobile marketing campaigns to build and retain their user base. Many mobile apps include a special Software development kit that will assist them in tracking installs from various ad networks.

Enterprise management

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主条目：Mobile application management

Mobile application management (MAM) describes software and services responsible for provisioning and controlling access to internally developed and commercially available mobile apps used in business settings. The strategy is meant to off-set the security risk of a Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) work strategy. When an employee brings a personal device into an enterprise setting, mobile application management enables the corporate IT staff to transfer required applications, control access to business data, and remove locally cached business data from the device if it is lost, or when its owner no longer works with the company. Containerization is an alternate BYOD security solution. Rather than controlling an employees entire device, containerization apps create isolated and secure pockets separate from all personal data. Company control of the device only extends to that separate container.[30]

App Wrapping vs. Native App Management

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Especially when employees "bring your own device", mobile apps can be a significant security risk for businesses, because they transfer unprotected sensitive data to the Internet without knowledge and consent of the users. Reports of stolen corporate data show how quickly corporate and personal data can fall into the wrong hands. Data theft is not just the loss of confidential information, but makes companies vulnerable to attack and blackmail.[31]

Professional Mobile Application Management helps companies protect their data. One option for securing corporate data is app wrapping. But there also are some disadvantages like copyright infringement or the loss of warranty rights. Functionality, productivity and user experience are particularly limited under app wrapping. The policies of a wrapped app can't be changed. If required, it must be recreated from scratch, adding cost. [32][33]

Alternatively, it is possible to offer native apps securely through Enterprise mobility management without limiting the native user experience. This enables more flexible IT management as apps can be easily implemented and policies adjusted at any time.[34]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Siegler, MG. Analyst: There’s a great future in iPhone apps. Venture Beat. June 11, 2008. 
  2. ^ "App" voted 2010 word of the year by the American Dialect Society (UPDATED) American Dialect Society. Americandialect.org. 2011-01-08 [2012-01-28]. 
  3. ^ Pogue, David. A Place to Put Your Apps. New York Times. November 4, 2009 [January 22, 2013]. 
  4. ^ Yetisen, A. K., Martinez-Hurtado, J. L., et al (2014). The regulation of mobile medical applications. Lab on a Chip, 14(5), 833-840. dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3LC51235E
  5. ^ Mobile Website vs. Mobile App (Application) – Which is Best for Your Organization?. hswsolutions.com. [2015-08-26]. 
  6. ^ Ludwig, Sean. December 5, 2012. venturebeat.com, study: "Mobile app usage grows 35%, TV & web not so much"
  7. ^ Perez, Sarah. July 2, 2012. "comScore: In U.S. Mobile Market, Samsung, Android Top The Charts; Apps Overtake Web Browsing." techcrunch.com
  8. ^ Matthias Böhmer, Brent Hecht, Johannes Schöning, Antonio Krüger, and Gernot Bauer. 2011. Falling asleep with Angry Birds, Facebook and Kindle: a large scale study on mobile app usage. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services (MobileHCI '11). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 47-56.
  9. ^ Mobile apps revenues tipped to reach $26bn in 2013. The Guardian. 11 October 2013 [19 September 2013]. 
  10. ^ The Millionaires Index. Pollen VC Insights. [2015-11-23]. 
  11. ^ VisionMobile, Plum Consulting, "European App Economy" analyst report, September 2013
  12. ^ Mobile Application Development Guidelines. by hitech. 2013-11-14 [2011-04-05]. 
  13. ^ Chu, Eric. Android Market Update Support. 13 February 2009. 
  14. ^ Patel, Jay. 1.5 Million Apps are Live on The Google Play Store - WhaTech. www.whatech.com. [2015-08-18]. 
  15. ^ The Future of Mobile Application. UAB. [11 November 2015]. 
  16. ^ Carey, Richard. Electronic Recollections, By Ricard Carey. AppStorey. 
  17. ^ 10 Billion App Countdown. Apple. 2011-01-14. 
  18. ^ Rao, Leena. Apple's App Store Crosses 15B App Downloads, Adds 1B Downloads In Past Month. TechCrunch. AOL Inc. July 7, 2011. 
  19. ^ Indvik, Lauren. App Store Stats: 400 Million Accounts, 650,000 Apps. Mashable. June 11, 2012. 
  20. ^ bbc.co.uk
  21. ^ Amazon Appstore: Android. SigitArinto.com. 2011-03-22 [2011-04-05]. 
  22. ^ The evolution of Nokia and Ovi | Nokia Conversations — The official Nokia Blog. Conversations.nokia.com. [2011-08-25]. 
  23. ^ Fraser, Adam. Ovi Store renamed as Nokia Store, now built using Qt. Conversations by Nokia, official Nokia blog. Nokia. 10 October 2011 [25 May 2012]. 
  24. ^ Changes to supported content types in the Nokia Store. The Nokia Developer Team. October 4, 2013 [November 12, 2013]. 
  25. ^ Arghire, Ionut. Windows Phone Store Has 120,000 Apps Now, More to Come. Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. 30 October 2012 [29 November 2012]. 
  26. ^ Miller, Michael. Build: More Details On Building Windows 8 Metro Apps. PC Magazine. September 14, 2011 [February 10, 2012]. 
  27. ^ Rosoff, Matt. Here's Everything You Wanted To Know About Microsoft's Upcoming iPad Killers. Business Insider. [February 10, 2012]. 
  28. ^ Basic Information about Samsung Apps Store. content.samsung.com. [2013-03-06]. 
  29. ^ Wyatt, Robert A. Software Shop. Wired. Wired Magazine. 
  30. ^ Taware, Varun. Containerization is a winning strategy for smarter BYOD management. Betanews. [11 November 2015]. 
  31. ^ Alan Hartwell, Trust, company culture and BYOD security. SC Magazine UK, 2015-1-20. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  32. ^ AVERAGE COST TO DEVELOP A MOBILE APP - Retrieved April 3, 2015 by Muhammad Usman
  33. ^ Subbu Lyer, 5 things you no longer need to do for mobile security. Network World, 2014-7-7. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
  34. ^ Simon Yates, Chri Hazelton, Enterprise IT Spotlight: enterprise mobility management. 451 research, 2014-9-12. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
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