「那又怎麼說」論：修订间差异

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2024年7月11日 (四) 02:03的最新版本

「那…又怎麼說」論（英語：whataboutism、whataboutery）^[1]，又稱“那你们还…”论，是應對指控時，不回答或讨论关键问题或论点，反指控對方或提出其他关键問題，以反驳指控的一種技巧或行爲。^[2]^[3]这种技巧被认为是你也一样谬误的变体和诉诸人身的子类型。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

苏联在冷战时期曾对西方世界使用這種政治宣传技巧。^[8]每当有人批评苏联，就会获得形如“那西方（的某某事物）呢？”（What about…?）的回应。^[9]^[10]

Whataboutism 这个词于2008年由爱德华·卢卡斯（英语：Edward Lucas (journalist)）的一篇《经济学人》文章带火。卢卡斯称，包括这种策略在内的不少冷战和苏联思想，都仍可见于现代俄罗斯政治。^[9]

概述

按照《大西洋》杂志报道，“那你们还”这个技巧最早用于1947年在《真理报》上发布的一篇回应上。伊利亚·爱伦堡对威廉·埃夫里尔·哈里曼批判“苏联帝国主义”的演讲回应称，美国对种族和少数群体的法律政策再差，苏联也没有用“侮辱全人类人格”的借口发动战争。^[11]

这个技法随着冷战末期渐渐消亡，但在后苏联时代的俄罗斯政府对于人权等各种批评的回应中被认为又死灰复燃。^[9]《衛報》撰稿人米里亚姆·埃德尔（英语：Miriam Elder）评论说，俄罗斯总统新闻秘书德米特里·佩斯科夫经常使用这种技法，躲开了大部分关于违反人权的批评。

參考資料

^ 滕彪. 中美比较如何成为一种病毒. 纽约时报中文网. 2020-05-28 [2022-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-29）（中文（简体））.
^ whataboutism. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.
^ whataboutery. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.
^ In Defense of (Some) Whataboutism, Bloomberg.com, 2017-11-03 [2018-07-01], （原始内容存档于2018-07-01）（英语）
^ whataboutism, Oxford Living Dictionaries (Oxford University Press), 2017 [2017-07-21], （原始内容存档于2017-03-09）, Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'. ... Also called whataboutery
^ Zimmer, Ben. The Roots of the 'What About?' Ploy. The Wall Street Journal. 2017-06-09 [2017-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）. "Whataboutism" is another name for the logical fallacy of "tu quoque" (Latin for "you also"), in which an accusation is met with a counter-accusation, pivoting away from the original criticism. The strategy has been a hallmark of Soviet and post-Soviet propaganda, and some commentators have accused President Donald Trump of mimicking Mr. Putin's use of the technique.
^ whataboutism, Cambridge Dictionary, [2023-06-27], （原始内容存档于2019-09-02）
^ AMY CHANG CHIEN; BEN HUBLEY. “那又怎么说”主义的诡辩术. 纽约时报中文网. 纽约时报. [2020-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Staff writer. Whataboutism. The Economist. 2008-01-31 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-03）.
^ Staff writer. The West is in danger of losing its moral authority. European Voice（英语：European Voice）. 2008-12-11 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-02）.
^ Khazan, Olga. The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden. The Atlantic. 2013-08-02 [2015-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.

[:0-1] 滕彪. 中美比较如何成为一种病毒. 纽约时报中文网. 2020-05-28 [2022-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-29）（中文（简体））.

[2] whataboutism. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.

[3] whataboutery. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.

[4] In Defense of (Some) Whataboutism, Bloomberg.com, 2017-11-03 [2018-07-01], （原始内容存档于2018-07-01）（英语）

[OLD-5] whataboutism, Oxford Living Dictionaries (Oxford University Press), 2017 [2017-07-21], （原始内容存档于2017-03-09）, Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'. ... Also called whataboutery

[zimmer-def-6] Zimmer, Ben. The Roots of the 'What About?' Ploy. The Wall Street Journal. 2017-06-09 [2017-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）. "Whataboutism" is another name for the logical fallacy of "tu quoque" (Latin for "you also"), in which an accusation is met with a counter-accusation, pivoting away from the original criticism. The strategy has been a hallmark of Soviet and post-Soviet propaganda, and some commentators have accused President Donald Trump of mimicking Mr. Putin's use of the technique.

[7] whataboutism, Cambridge Dictionary, [2023-06-27], （原始内容存档于2019-09-02）

[8] AMY CHANG CHIEN; BEN HUBLEY. “那又怎么说”主义的诡辩术. 纽约时报中文网. 纽约时报. [2020-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）.

[Econ080131-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Staff writer. Whataboutism. The Economist. 2008-01-31 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-03）.

[EV081211-10] Staff writer. The West is in danger of losing its moral authority. European Voice（英语：European Voice）. 2008-12-11 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-02）.

[Atlantic-11] Khazan, Olga. The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden. The Atlantic. 2013-08-02 [2015-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.

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 按照《[[大西洋 (雜誌)|大西洋]]》杂志报道，“那你们还”这个技巧最早用于1947年在《[[真理报]]》上发布的一篇回应上。[[伊利亚·爱伦堡]]对[[威廉·埃夫里尔·哈里曼]]批判“苏联帝国主义”的演讲回应称，美国对种族和[[少数群体]]的法律政策再差，苏联也没有用“侮辱全人类人格”的借口发动战争。<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite news |last=Khazan |first=Olga |date=2013-08-02 |title=The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-soviet-era-strategy-that-explains-what-russia-is-doing-with-snowden/278314/ |newspaper=The Atlantic |access-date=2015-07-07 |archive-date=2019-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329030251/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-soviet-era-strategy-that-explains-what-russia-is-doing-with-snowden/278314/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
-这个技法随着[[冷战]]末期渐渐消亡，但在后苏联时代的[[俄罗斯]]政府对于[[人权]]等各种批评的回应中被认为又死灰复燃。{{r|Econ080131}} 《[[衛報]]》撰稿人{{tsl|en|Miriam Elder|米里亚姆·埃德尔|}}评论说，[[俄罗斯总统新闻秘书]][[德米特里·佩斯科夫]]经常使用这种技法，躲开了大部分关于违反人权的批评。<!--Peskov responded to Elder's article on the difficulty of dry-cleaning in Moscow with a ''whataboutism'' on the difficulty Russians experience in obtaining a [[签证|visa]] to the [[英国]].{{r|GN120426}} In July 2012, [[俄罗斯新闻社]] columnist Konstantin von Eggert wrote an article about the use of whataboutism in relation to Russian and [[美国|American]] support for different governments in the [[中东]].{{r|RIAN120725}}-->
+这个技法随着[[冷战]]末期渐渐消亡，但在后苏联时代的[[俄罗斯]]政府对于[[人权]]等各种批评的回应中被认为又死灰复燃。{{r|Econ080131}}《[[衛報]]》撰稿人{{tsl|en|Miriam Elder|米里亚姆·埃德尔|}}评论说，[[俄罗斯总统新闻秘书]][[德米特里·佩斯科夫]]经常使用这种技法，躲开了大部分关于违反人权的批评。<!--Peskov responded to Elder's article on the difficulty of dry-cleaning in Moscow with a ''whataboutism'' on the difficulty Russians experience in obtaining a [[签证|visa]] to the [[英国]].{{r|GN120426}} In July 2012, [[俄罗斯新闻社]] columnist Konstantin von Eggert wrote an article about the use of whataboutism in relation to Russian and [[美国|American]] support for different governments in the [[中东]].{{r|RIAN120725}}-->
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