「那又怎麼說」論：修订间差异

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2024年7月11日 (四) 02:03的最新版本

「那…又怎麼說」論（英語：whataboutism、whataboutery）^[1]，又稱“那你们还…”论，是應對指控時，不回答或讨论关键问题或论点，反指控對方或提出其他关键問題，以反驳指控的一種技巧或行爲。^[2]^[3]这种技巧被认为是你也一样谬误的变体和诉诸人身的子类型。^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

苏联在冷战时期曾对西方世界使用這種政治宣传技巧。^[8]每当有人批评苏联，就会获得形如“那西方（的某某事物）呢？”（What about…?）的回应。^[9]^[10]

Whataboutism 这个词于2008年由爱德华·卢卡斯（英语：Edward Lucas (journalist)）的一篇《经济学人》文章带火。卢卡斯称，包括这种策略在内的不少冷战和苏联思想，都仍可见于现代俄罗斯政治。^[9]

概述

按照《大西洋》杂志报道，“那你们还”这个技巧最早用于1947年在《真理报》上发布的一篇回应上。伊利亚·爱伦堡对威廉·埃夫里尔·哈里曼批判“苏联帝国主义”的演讲回应称，美国对种族和少数群体的法律政策再差，苏联也没有用“侮辱全人类人格”的借口发动战争。^[11]

这个技法随着冷战末期渐渐消亡，但在后苏联时代的俄罗斯政府对于人权等各种批评的回应中被认为又死灰复燃。^[9]《衛報》撰稿人米里亚姆·埃德尔（英语：Miriam Elder）评论说，俄罗斯总统新闻秘书德米特里·佩斯科夫经常使用这种技法，躲开了大部分关于违反人权的批评。

參考資料

^ 滕彪. 中美比较如何成为一种病毒. 纽约时报中文网. 2020-05-28 [2022-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-29）（中文（简体））.
^ whataboutism. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.
^ whataboutery. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.
^ In Defense of (Some) Whataboutism, Bloomberg.com, 2017-11-03 [2018-07-01], （原始内容存档于2018-07-01）（英语）
^ whataboutism, Oxford Living Dictionaries (Oxford University Press), 2017 [2017-07-21], （原始内容存档于2017-03-09）, Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'. ... Also called whataboutery
^ Zimmer, Ben. The Roots of the 'What About?' Ploy. The Wall Street Journal. 2017-06-09 [2017-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）. "Whataboutism" is another name for the logical fallacy of "tu quoque" (Latin for "you also"), in which an accusation is met with a counter-accusation, pivoting away from the original criticism. The strategy has been a hallmark of Soviet and post-Soviet propaganda, and some commentators have accused President Donald Trump of mimicking Mr. Putin's use of the technique.
^ whataboutism, Cambridge Dictionary, [2023-06-27], （原始内容存档于2019-09-02）
^ AMY CHANG CHIEN; BEN HUBLEY. “那又怎么说”主义的诡辩术. 纽约时报中文网. 纽约时报. [2020-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）.
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Staff writer. Whataboutism. The Economist. 2008-01-31 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-03）.
^ Staff writer. The West is in danger of losing its moral authority. European Voice（英语：European Voice）. 2008-12-11 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-02）.
^ Khazan, Olga. The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden. The Atlantic. 2013-08-02 [2015-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.

[:0-1] 滕彪. 中美比较如何成为一种病毒. 纽约时报中文网. 2020-05-28 [2022-03-04]. （原始内容存档于2022-04-29）（中文（简体））.

[2] whataboutism. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.

[3] whataboutery. Oxford Dictionary of English （英语）.

[4] In Defense of (Some) Whataboutism, Bloomberg.com, 2017-11-03 [2018-07-01], （原始内容存档于2018-07-01）（英语）

[OLD-5] whataboutism, Oxford Living Dictionaries (Oxford University Press), 2017 [2017-07-21], （原始内容存档于2017-03-09）, Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'. ... Also called whataboutery

[zimmer-def-6] Zimmer, Ben. The Roots of the 'What About?' Ploy. The Wall Street Journal. 2017-06-09 [2017-07-22]. （原始内容存档于2018-12-24）. "Whataboutism" is another name for the logical fallacy of "tu quoque" (Latin for "you also"), in which an accusation is met with a counter-accusation, pivoting away from the original criticism. The strategy has been a hallmark of Soviet and post-Soviet propaganda, and some commentators have accused President Donald Trump of mimicking Mr. Putin's use of the technique.

[7] whataboutism, Cambridge Dictionary, [2023-06-27], （原始内容存档于2019-09-02）

[8] AMY CHANG CHIEN; BEN HUBLEY. “那又怎么说”主义的诡辩术. 纽约时报中文网. 纽约时报. [2020-06-12]. （原始内容存档于2021-05-15）.

[Econ080131-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Staff writer. Whataboutism. The Economist. 2008-01-31 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2016-08-03）.

[EV081211-10] Staff writer. The West is in danger of losing its moral authority. European Voice（英语：European Voice）. 2008-12-11 [2012-05-16]. （原始内容存档于2019-04-02）.

[Atlantic-11] Khazan, Olga. The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden. The Atlantic. 2013-08-02 [2015-07-07]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.

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@@ 第1行： / 第1行： @@
 {{expand english}}
-{{Soviet Union sidebar}}
 {{misinformation}}
+'''「那…又怎麼說」論'''（{{lang-en|whataboutism、whataboutery}}）<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=中美比较如何成为一种病毒|url=https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20200528/coronavirus-china-us-pandemic/|access-date=2022-03-04|date=2020-05-28|last=滕彪|work=纽约时报中文网|language=zh-hans|archive-date=2022-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429041302/https://cn.nytimes.com/opinion/20200528/coronavirus-china-us-pandemic/}}</ref>，又稱'''“那你们还…”论'''，是應對指控時，不回答或讨论关键问题或论点，反指控對方或提出其他关键問題，以反驳指控的一種技巧或行爲。<ref>{{cite book | title = whataboutism | work = Oxford Dictionary of English | language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = whataboutery | work = Oxford Dictionary of English | language = en}}</ref>这种技巧被认为是[[你也一样谬误]]的变体和[[诉诸人身]]的子类型。<ref>{{citation |title=In Defense of (Some) Whataboutism |newspaper=Bloomberg.com |date=2017-11-03 |access-date=2018-07-01 |language=en |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-03/in-defense-of-some-whataboutism |archive-date=2018-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701193811/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-03/in-defense-of-some-whataboutism |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=OLD>{{citation |url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism |title=whataboutism |work=[[Oxford Living Dictionaries]] |year=2017 |access-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309142742/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/whataboutism |archive-date=2017-03-09 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url-status=dead |quote=Origin - 1990s: from the way in which counter-accusations may take the form of questions introduced by 'What about —?'. ... Also called ''whataboutery''}}</ref><ref name=zimmer-def>{{cite news |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=2017-07-22 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-roots-of-the-what-about-ploy-1497019827 |first=Ben |last=Zimmer |author-link=Ben Zimmer |title=The Roots of the 'What About?' Ploy |date=2017-06-09 |quote="Whataboutism" is another name for the logical fallacy of "tu quoque" (Latin for "you also"), in which an accusation is met with a counter-accusation, pivoting away from the original criticism. The strategy has been a hallmark of Soviet and post-Soviet propaganda, and some commentators have accused President Donald Trump of mimicking Mr. Putin's use of the technique. |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224204752/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-roots-of-the-what-about-ploy-1497019827%20 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/whataboutism |title=whataboutism |work=[[Cambridge Dictionary]] |ref=none |accessdate=2023-06-27 |archive-date=2019-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902104508/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/whataboutism |dead-url=no }}</ref>
-'''「那…又怎麼說」論'''（{{lang-en|whataboutism、whataboutery}}），[[两岸四地]]俗稱「比爛」<ref>{{Cite web|title="美国烂片比中国更多"，这是在"比烂"？_牧野_电影_市场|url=https://m.sohu.com/a/519974183_115479/m.sohu.com/a/519974183_115479|access-date=2022-03-04|work=m.sohu.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=“比烂”也要付出代价？--反腐倡廉-人民网|url=http://fanfu.people.com.cn/n1/2015/1228/c64371-27984203.html|access-date=2022-03-04|work=fanfu.people.com.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=台湾《苹果日报》：陈水扁“比烂”成性|url=http://www.taiwan.cn/plzhx/mtshy/tga/pgrb/200611/t20061122_322468.htm|access-date=2022-03-04|work=www.taiwan.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 比爛和不團結....! - 老莊的部落格 - udn部落格|url=https://blog.udn.com/tcchuan/125022545|access-date=2022-03-04|work=blog.udn.com|language=zh-Hant-TW}}</ref>，又稱'''“那你们还…”论'''，是應對指控時，反指控對方或提出其他問題的一種技巧或行爲。<ref>{{cite book | title = whataboutism | work = Oxford Dictionary of English | language = en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = whataboutery | work = Oxford Dictionary of English | language = en}}</ref>[[苏联]]在[[冷战]]时期曾对[[西方世界]]使用這種[[政治宣传技巧]]。<ref>{{cite web |author1=AMY CHANG CHIEN |author2=BEN HUBLEY |title=“那又怎么说”主义的诡辩术 |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20180730/wod-whataboutism/ |website=纽约时报中文网 |publisher=纽约时报 |accessdate=2020-06-12 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515071121/https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20180730/wod-whataboutism/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>每当有人批评苏联，就会获得形如“那西方（的某某事物）呢？”（{{lang|en|What about…?}}）的回应。{{r|Econ080131}}{{r|EV081211}}这种技巧是[[诉诸伪善]]的「[[臭蟲論]]」。<ref name=Atlantic/>这种[[邏輯謬誤]]，试图通过指出对方言行不一之处，削弱其可信度，但不反驳對方的论点。
+[[苏联]]在[[冷战]]时期曾对[[西方世界]]使用這種[[政治宣传技巧]]。<ref>{{cite web |author1=AMY CHANG CHIEN |author2=BEN HUBLEY |title=“那又怎么说”主义的诡辩术 |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20180730/wod-whataboutism/ |website=纽约时报中文网 |publisher=纽约时报 |accessdate=2020-06-12 |archive-date=2021-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515071121/https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20180730/wod-whataboutism/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>每当有人批评苏联，就会获得形如“那西方（的某某事物）呢？”（{{lang|en|What about…?}}）的回应。{{r|Econ080131}}{{r|EV081211}}
 Whataboutism 这个词于2008年由{{tsl|en|Edward Lucas (journalist)|爱德华·卢卡斯 (记者)|爱德华·卢卡斯}}的一篇《[[经济学人]]》文章带火。卢卡斯称，包括这种策略在内的不少冷战和苏联思想，都仍可见于现代[[俄罗斯政治]]。{{r|Econ080131}}
 ==概述==
-按照《[[大西洋 (雜誌)|大西洋]]》杂志报道，“那你们还”这个技巧最早用于1947年在《[[真理报]]》上发布的一篇回应上。[[伊利亚·爱伦堡]]对[[威廉·埃夫里尔·哈里曼]]批判“苏联帝国主义”的演讲回应称，美国对种族和[[少数群体]]的法律政策再差，苏联也没有用“侮辱全人类人格”的借口发动战争。<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite news |last=Khazan |first=Olga |date=August 2, 2013 |title=The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-soviet-era-strategy-that-explains-what-russia-is-doing-with-snowden/278314/ |newspaper=The Atlantic |access-date=July 7, 2015 |archive-date=2019-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329030251/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-soviet-era-strategy-that-explains-what-russia-is-doing-with-snowden/278314/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
+按照《[[大西洋 (雜誌)|大西洋]]》杂志报道，“那你们还”这个技巧最早用于1947年在《[[真理报]]》上发布的一篇回应上。[[伊利亚·爱伦堡]]对[[威廉·埃夫里尔·哈里曼]]批判“苏联帝国主义”的演讲回应称，美国对种族和[[少数群体]]的法律政策再差，苏联也没有用“侮辱全人类人格”的借口发动战争。<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite news |last=Khazan |first=Olga |date=2013-08-02 |title=The Soviet-Era Strategy That Explains What Russia Is Doing With Snowden |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-soviet-era-strategy-that-explains-what-russia-is-doing-with-snowden/278314/ |newspaper=The Atlantic |access-date=2015-07-07 |archive-date=2019-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329030251/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/08/the-soviet-era-strategy-that-explains-what-russia-is-doing-with-snowden/278314/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
-这个技法随着[[冷战]]末期渐渐消亡，但在后苏联时代的[[俄罗斯]]政府对于[[人权]]等各种批评的回应中被认为又死灰复燃。{{r|Econ080131}} 《[[衛報]]》撰稿人{{tsl|en|Miriam Elder|米里亚姆·埃德尔|}}评论说，[[俄罗斯总统新闻秘书]][[德米特里·佩斯科夫]]经常使用这种技法，躲开了大部分关于违反人权的批评。<!--Peskov responded to Elder's article on the difficulty of dry-cleaning in Moscow with a ''whataboutism'' on the difficulty Russians experience in obtaining a [[签证|visa]] to the [[英国]].{{r|GN120426}} In July 2012, [[俄罗斯新闻社]] columnist Konstantin von Eggert wrote an article about the use of whataboutism in relation to Russian and [[美国|American]] support for different governments in the [[中东]].{{r|RIAN120725}}-->
+这个技法随着[[冷战]]末期渐渐消亡，但在后苏联时代的[[俄罗斯]]政府对于[[人权]]等各种批评的回应中被认为又死灰复燃。{{r|Econ080131}}《[[衛報]]》撰稿人{{tsl|en|Miriam Elder|米里亚姆·埃德尔|}}评论说，[[俄罗斯总统新闻秘书]][[德米特里·佩斯科夫]]经常使用这种技法，躲开了大部分关于违反人权的批评。<!--Peskov responded to Elder's article on the difficulty of dry-cleaning in Moscow with a ''whataboutism'' on the difficulty Russians experience in obtaining a [[签证|visa]] to the [[英国]].{{r|GN120426}} In July 2012, [[俄罗斯新闻社]] columnist Konstantin von Eggert wrote an article about the use of whataboutism in relation to Russian and [[美国|American]] support for different governments in the [[中东]].{{r|RIAN120725}}-->
 ==相關條目==
+{{Main|認知作戰}}
 * [[偽善]]
 * [[双重标准]]
 * {{tsl|en|And you are lynching Negroes|那你们还在吊黑人呢}}
 * [[你也一樣]]
+**[[臭蟲論]]
 * {{tsl|en|The Mote and the Beam|刺和樑木}}
 * {{tsl|en|Unclean hands|污手原則}}
 * [[謬誤列表]]
-* [[臭蟲論]]
 * [[訴諸偽善]]
 * [[「那就滾吧」謬誤]]
@@ 第26行： / 第28行： @@
 {{Wiktionary|whataboutism}}
 {{Reflist|refs=
-<ref name=Econ080131>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |title= Whataboutism |author= Staff writer |newspaper= [[The Economist]] |date= January 31, 2008 |accessdate= May 16, 2012 |archive-date= 2016-08-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160803224739/http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |dead-url= no }}</ref>
+<ref name=Econ080131>{{cite news |url= http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |title= Whataboutism |author= Staff writer |newspaper= [[经济学人|The Economist]] |date= 2008-01-31 |accessdate= 2012-05-16 |archive-date= 2016-08-03 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160803224739/http://www.economist.com/node/10598774 |dead-url= no }}</ref>
-<ref name=EV081211>{{cite news |url= http://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/ |title= The West is in danger of losing its moral authority |author= Staff writer |newspaper= {{tsl|en|European Voice||}} |date= December 11, 2008 |accessdate= May 16, 2012 |archive-date= 2019-04-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190402061515/https://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/ |dead-url= no }}</ref>
+<ref name=EV081211>{{cite news |url= http://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/ |title= The West is in danger of losing its moral authority |author= Staff writer |newspaper= {{tsl|en|European Voice||}} |date= 2008-12-11 |accessdate= 2012-05-16 |archive-date= 2019-04-02 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190402061515/https://www.politico.eu/article/the-west-is-in-danger-of-losing-its-moral-authority/ |dead-url= no }}</ref>
-<!--<ref name=GN120426>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/26/russia-abuses-bureaucracy-putin-drycleaning |title= Want a response from Putin's office? Russia's dry-cleaning is just the ticket |first= Miriam |last= Elder |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date= April 26, 2012 |accessdate= May 16, 2012}}</ref>
+<!--<ref name=GN120426>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/apr/26/russia-abuses-bureaucracy-putin-drycleaning |title= Want a response from Putin's office? Russia's dry-cleaning is just the ticket |first= Miriam |last= Elder |newspaper=[[衛報|The Guardian]] |date= 2012-04-26 |accessdate= 2012-05-16}}</ref>
-<ref name=RIAN120725>{{cite news |url= http://en.rian.ru/columnists/20120725/174777687.html |title=Due West: 'Whataboutism' Is Back - and Thriving |first= Konstantin |last= von Eggert |publisher= [[RIA Novosti]] |date= July 25, 2012 }}</ref>
+<ref name=RIAN120725>{{cite news |url= http://en.rian.ru/columnists/20120725/174777687.html |title=Due West: 'Whataboutism' Is Back - and Thriving |first= Konstantin |last= von Eggert |publisher= [[俄罗斯新闻社|RIA Novosti]] |date= 2012-07-25 }}</ref>
-<ref name=Slate141117>{{cite web |url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/03/21/russia_and_western_double_standards_the_long_history_of_russian_complaints.html |title= The Long History of Russian Whataboutism |last1= Keating |first1= Joshua |website={{tsl|en|Slate.com||}} |date= 21 March 2014 |accessdate= 17 November 2014 }}</ref>
+<ref name=Slate141117>{{cite web |url= http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2014/03/21/russia_and_western_double_standards_the_long_history_of_russian_complaints.html |title= The Long History of Russian Whataboutism |last1= Keating |first1= Joshua |website={{tsl|en|Slate.com||}} |date= 2014-03-21 |accessdate= 2014-11-17 }}</ref>
-<ref name=WP140820>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/20/ferguson-whataboutism-and-american-soft-power/ |title= Ferguson, whataboutism and American soft power |last1=Drezner |first1=Daniel |work= The Washington Post |date= 20 August 2014 |accessdate= 17 November 2014 }}</ref>
+<ref name=WP140820>{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/08/20/ferguson-whataboutism-and-american-soft-power/ |title= Ferguson, whataboutism and American soft power |last1=Drezner |first1=Daniel |work= The Washington Post |date= 2014-08-20 |accessdate= 2014-11-17 }}</ref>
-<ref name=RFE150116>{{cite web |url= http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-human-rights-united-states/26797395.html |title= Azerbaijan Concerned About Human Rights -- In The United States. |work= [[自由欧洲电台／自由电台]] |date= January 16, 2015 }}</ref>-->
+<ref name=RFE150116>{{cite web |url= http://www.rferl.org/content/azerbaijan-human-rights-united-states/26797395.html |title= Azerbaijan Concerned About Human Rights -- In The United States. |work= [[自由欧洲电台／自由电台]] |date= 2015-01-16 }}</ref>-->
 }}
 {{不相干的謬誤}}
@@ 第38行： / 第40行： @@
 <!-- {{政治宣传技巧}} -->
-[[Category:苏联宣传]]
 [[Category:冷战相关术语]]
-[[Category:政治新词]]
+[[Category:伪善]]
+[[Category:俄罗斯宣传]]
+[[Category:苏联宣传]]
+[[Category:不相干的謬誤]]
+[[Category:類比]]

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