Berberis lycium (family Berberidaceae) grows in district Sherani, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is us... more Berberis lycium (family Berberidaceae) grows in district Sherani, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is used for the treatment of various disorders by the people of Balochistan. The present work was carried out to explore analgesic and neuropharamcological activities of crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum. The analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test. Open field test, cage crossing test, rearing test, traction test and forced swimming test were carried out in neuropharmacological activities. The results reveal that crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity in acetic acid induced pain as well as with formalin test. In neuropharmacological activities, crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed significant (P<0.05) central nervous system depressant activity and in forced swimming test it showed anxiolytic effects.
Hypertension is one of cardiovascular disease that is not sufficiently prevented and controlled a... more Hypertension is one of cardiovascular disease that is not sufficiently prevented and controlled at both hospital and community levels. Hypertension resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The benz-imidazole ring is very important pharmacophore in modern drug discovery. The substituted benzimidazoles are the important for medicinal research. Researchers have reported that substituted Benzimidazoles are the structural isosteres of nucleotides, and easily allow them to interact with the different biopolymers, possess pharmacological activity especially antihypertensive activity. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers (ARBs) compete with angiotensin II at the receptor site and block the contractile effect of angiotensin II in all vascular smooth muscles. Among all Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers (ARBs), Telmisartan, Milfasartan and many others have benzimidazole ring in their structure. In this study Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers (ARBs) have been prepared. Synthesized compounds were characterized by physical data and FTIR spectroscopic technique. Synthesized compounds studied were finally screened for their antihypertensive activity by tail cuff method of measurement of blood pressure by NIBP apparatus (None Invasive Blood Pressure) using Chart 5.0 software. The compounds synthesized were 2-(3-nitrophenyl)-1Hbenzimidazole (1a), 3-(1H benzimidazol-2-yl)aniline (1b) and 5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (1c). The synthesized compounds have shown antihypertensive activity by taking Losartan as lead compound.
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nov 1, 2022
Controlled release in drug release kinetics denotes reproducibility and predictability, implying ... more Controlled release in drug release kinetics denotes reproducibility and predictability, implying that drug release from delivery devices follows a kinetically predictable and repeatable rate profile from dose to dose. In the current study controlled release tablets of famotidine were prepared by direct compression technique using Eudragit RL 100 polymer. Four different formulations of controlled release tablets of famotidine as (F1, F2, F3 and F4) were prepared by adding different drug to polymer ratio. The pre compression and the post compression of the formulation, characteristics were compared. All results obtained were within the specified standard limits. FTIR studies showed that both the drug and the polymer were compatible. In vitro dissolution study were conducted by Method II (Paddle Method) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 100rpm. Power law kinetic model was applied for drug release mechanism. The difference similarity of the dissolution profile was determined. The formulation F1 and F2 were released 97 and 96 % in 24 hours and other formulations F3 and F4 were released subsequently 93% and 90% in 24 hours. The results showed that incorporation of Eudragit RL 100 in the formulation of controlled release tablets prolong the drug release rates for 24 hours. The release mechanism was Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. It was deducted from the current study that the Eudragit RL 100 can be efficiently incorporated in the formulation of controlled release dosage forms with predictable kinetics.
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nov 1, 2022
In skin disorders such as microbial and fungal infections, plants and their parts are used. Howev... more In skin disorders such as microbial and fungal infections, plants and their parts are used. However, there have been very few scientific reports of herbal extracts of the plant Pinus gerardiana to be administered transdermally. The antifungal activity was assessed using poisoned food method against the strains of three pathogenic fungi, namely Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris specifera. Ointment was prepared according to British pharmacopeia and physiochemical evaluation tests were performed. The GCMS was used to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Pinus gerardiana. 27 components were obtained. Monoterpenes= 89.97%, Oxygenated monoterpenes = 8.75%, Sesquiterpenes = 2.21% out of 100% of the total composition. The extract of pinus gerardiana showed a zone of inhibition on organism Bipolaris specifera 2.98±0.1µg/ml, Alternaria alternate 3.48±0.21µ/ml and Curvularia lunata 5.04±0.24µg/ml. Ointment was prepared with pH 5.9, conductivity 0.1, viscosity 22.24 and tested for stability. Franz cells were used in vitro and release was determined from 30 minutes to 12 hours.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is usually employed as a model protein because of being homologous wit... more Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is usually employed as a model protein because of being homologous with human serum albumin. Cysteine-34 of BSA has been oxidised with Ellman's reagent to produce BSA labelled with an Ellman's moiety (BSA-SE). The BSA-SE was then reacted with glutathione, N-acetylcysteine and D-penicillamine (D-pen). The two were able to release the Ellman's moiety bound at cysteine-34 while D-pen did not. Albumin labeled using Ellman's reagent was used to demonstrate the cleavage of a protein mixed disulphide. The kinetics of thiol disulfide interchange reactions involving formation of a chromophoric thiolate were determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The reaction of thiolates with excess Ellman's reagent is used for quantitative estimation of thiol by measuring the absorption at λ, 412 nm. The disulfide exchange reactions occurring at Cys-34 of BSA was determined and the reduction of oxidized Cys-34 was studied in order to understand the reverse reac...
Thallium has been shown to significantly influence various tissues of living organisms; Exposure ... more Thallium has been shown to significantly influence various tissues of living organisms; Exposure to Thallium can disturb mitochondrial function, degenerate neurons, and interfere with the function of critical metabolic enzymes and co-enzymes. Glutathione (GSH) an essential biomarker is considered a key factor in harnessing the thallium toxicity. In the present study the interaction of Thallium (Thallium Chloride) and glutathione was investigated spectro-photo-metrically in aqueous media. The renowned Elman's experimental protocol was followed at a wavelength of 412nm for Glutathione quantification in each sample. The pH of each sample was maintained at 7.6 using Phosphate buffer during the entire course of the experiment. A concentration as well as time dependent depletion of glutathione after exposure to various concentration of Thallium metal was observed, revealing chemical interaction between the metal and glutathione. The exact mechanism of interaction of Thallium and gluta...
The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate bisoprolol hemifumarate emulgel using carbopo... more The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate bisoprolol hemifumarate emulgel using carbopol 934P with the enhancers, thymus oil and olive oil. Thymus oil and olive oil were used as permeation enhancers. The emulsion formulations were added to a base gel. The emulgel was characterized for physical characteristics, stability, skin irritation, and drug release. Formulations F1 and F5 indicated the best in-vitro drug release when compared with other preparations. Bisoprolol hemifumarate emulgel containing carbopol 934P and thymus oil or olive oil enhancers could be further developed for a topical drug delivery system.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, May 7, 2021
Objective: To assess relative comparison of stability and degradation of Methylcobalamin tablets ... more Objective: To assess relative comparison of stability and degradation of Methylcobalamin tablets of different brands at various storage circumstances. Methods: The comparative in vitro study of Methycobal (innovator brand) with its other 5 different brands Cobalamin, Neuromet, Incobal, Qbal and Mecobal was organized for evaluation of physicochemical features of hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time and accelerated stability at 3 temperatures, 25 °C, 30 °C±65 % and 40 °C±75 % respectively for 3 mo. Later all brands were passed through HPLC for checking the extent of degradation of drug products. Results: All tablet brands were within the weight variation specified limits except Mecobal with a relative standard deviation of 6.83%. The weight variation values of Methycobal, Cobalamin, Neuromet, Incobal, Qbal and Mecobal were 0.29%, 0.11%, 0.09%, 0.13%, 0.09% and 0.14% after friability test respectively as per standard limits. The average thickness of Cobalamin, Incobal and Mecobal were not within specified limits. The average hardness of all trades was within limits except Cobalamin and Mecobal exceeding 6kp. The disintegration time of all companies was as per specifications. Conclusion: Qbal was found economical and cost-effective. However, study facts unveiled no noteworthy variety in the Q. C assessments of Methylcobalamin brands.
Current research journal of biological sciences, Oct 20, 2017
The use of traditional herbal medicine is still very popular in Pakistani Society. The present re... more The use of traditional herbal medicine is still very popular in Pakistani Society. The present review paper aim on various traditional herbal medicines and its extracts used for the treatment of Asthma are discussed. It is prevalent and common in Villages and mountainous areas of Balochistan, where medicinal facilities are limited, so the people are rely on traditional herbal treatments for their diseases. Mostly herbal treatments are economical and very effective having fewer side effects. This review reveals that some herbal plants and their extract have Antiasthmatic properties. Unfortunately, scientific researches on herbal drugs are rare in term of controlled clinical trials. Hopefully, Scientific research will open new herbs in therapeutics.
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Jul 17, 2020
Objective: Present study was carried to formulate and evaluate the transdermal ointment containin... more Objective: Present study was carried to formulate and evaluate the transdermal ointment containing the metformin HCl active ingredient and to assess their Physicochemical studies. Methods: Metformin HCl ointment was prepared with various thymol oil concentrations. Ointments were assessed with different characterizations; Physical appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, Consistency, homogeneity, consistency. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis, XRD studies. It was used in vitro via using Franz cells along with the use of two membranes i.e. Nylon and cellulose membrane. Results: SEM and XRD studies showed that there were no physical and chemical interactions between excipients and drug. All the formulations showed good physicochemical characteristics. The formulation showed different releases. It was observed that nylon had better release properties as compared to cellulose. Conclusion: In the study conducted here, it was observed that Nylon membrane showed better discriminating power to compare among the formulation. This indicates that it has gotten prime importance to watch the effect of the membrane upon the release pattern of the various formulations. In order to improve the formulation, we can use in vitro diffusion cell experiments of transdermal drug delivery.
Ephedra is herbal medicine used in the treatment of many diseases, especially asthma and urticari... more Ephedra is herbal medicine used in the treatment of many diseases, especially asthma and urticaria. The aim of this study was to formulate topical formulations as a microemulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the Ephedra extracts of (E. Intermedia), collected from Balochistan, Pakistan and to evaluate their isolation, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo permeability release using markers. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the quantification of markers, and in vitro and ex vivo studies were done by Franz diffusion cells. The kinetics release and permeability was checked by cuprophan dialysis membrane and natural rabbit skin to justify their stability for topical use. Of the three formulations, release behavior of microemulsion and gel was almost the same, and the ointment showed slow release. The cellulose membrane showed faster release than the rabbit skin; this arrangement can be shown as microemulsion > gel > ointment. However, Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics for the three formulations were observed for the membranes. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability patterns of different formulations. In vitro and ex vivo experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines.
Herbal remedies like the Thymus serpyllum L. is useful in traditional medicine for the treatment ... more Herbal remedies like the Thymus serpyllum L. is useful in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases especially congestion, and bronchitis. The purpose of this study was to formulate a micro-emulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the plant hydro distilled thymus oil extracted from Thymus serpyllum L. collected from Ziarat, Balochistan. The prepared formulations were subjected to in-vitro and ex vivo study release, High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), to justify their suitability for topical use. The in-vitro and ex-Vivo release was studied using Franz Cells and using two different kinds of membrane synthetic dialysis cellulose membrane and natural rabbit skin and the amount of drug released was determined by HPLC at λ 274nm. The three formulations result obtained through dialysis cellulose membrane showed the faster release than the natural rabbit skin. However, the micro-emulsion, gel formulation showed the same release except ointment. The release from the above mentioned formulation can be arranged in the following descending order. micro-emulsion > Gel > Ointment. The best fit of release kinetics was achieved by Krosmeyer- Peppas, the TLC and HPLC identifies the Thymol, isolation and quantification of the marker. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability pattern of different formulations. In vitro and ex-vivo diffusion cell experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines identifies.
Objectives: To assess the extent of use of endpoints based on survival, biomarker and clinical ou... more Objectives: To assess the extent of use of endpoints based on survival, biomarker and clinical outcome assessments (COAs) consisting of Clinician-reported outcomes (ClinROs), Observer-reported outcomes (ObsROs), Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and Performance outcomes (PerfOs) as primary endpoints in confirmatory studies of new drugs approve from 2011 through 2015. MethOds: New drugs approved between January 2011 and December 2015 were identified using Drugs@ FDA database. Labeling and medical review sections from FDA DAPs were reviewed to identify indication and the primary endpoint of confirmatory studies. ICD-10 codes were used to classify disease and the primary endpoints were classified based on the type of outcome assessment. Descriptive data were recorded in Microsoft Excel; frequency of measured characteristics was analyzed. Results: Of the 182 new drugs approved the majority of the approvals were for drugs related to cancer (27.5%), anti-infective (15.9%) and endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (15.4%). ClinROs and biomarkers constituted 47.8% and 40.7% of the primary endpoints respectively. PROs, survival and PerfO constituted 13.2%, 14.3% and 1.1% of the primary endpoints respectively. PROs were commonly found to be the primary endpoint in diseases related to genitourinary (80%), musculoskeletal (66.7%) and digestive systems (50%). Approvals related to cancer drugs relied on ClinROs (76%), biomarkers (14%) and survival (36%) as primary endpoints. Only six approvals (3.2%) were based on primary endpoints that were composite of PRO and another type of outcome. cOnclusiOns: ClinROs and biomarkers are used as primary endpoints in the majority of confirmatory studies of recent FDA approvals. PROs were key to assess treatment benefit in diseases such as those related to genitourinary, digestive and musculoskeletal systems as per respective regulatory guidance.
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Celecoxib cream and it’s in... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Celecoxib cream and it’s in vitro release study. Methods: The release study was conducted, using dialysis cellulose membrane, in Franz cells. The donor chamber was filled with phosphate buffer pH 7.4, released medium were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 250 nm. Kinetics model was used for calculations. The cream was followed by different evaluations like pH measurement, homogeneity, spreadability, stability study, drug content, SEM, XRD studies and skin irritation test was used for the reliability of physical conditions and chemical relation. DD solver and SPSS were used for statistical analyzation of the data. Results: The best in vitro drug release profile achieved with thyme oil in Celecoxib cream. Formulation F2 showed the highest (83%) released. The results of the Celecoxib (1%) were suitable in all constraints. The prepared Celecoxib cream was encouraging for the formulation of transdermal drug deliv...
The objective of this study was to formulate three topical dosage forms, a microemulsion, a gel, ... more The objective of this study was to formulate three topical dosage forms, a microemulsion, a gel, and an ointment, using H. helix extracts and to evaluate the release and permeation from topical preparation using Franz cells, dialysis cellulose membrane, and natural rabbit skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals Hederacoside C was purchased as the analytical standard from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbopol P934 was a gift from Merck Sereno (Quetta, Pakistan). Oleic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hard paraffin, wool fat, cetostearyl alcohol,
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Objective: The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate Mefenamic acid ointment by the addition... more Objective: The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate Mefenamic acid ointment by the addition of penetration enhancer’s clove oil. Methods: 1%, 2% and 3% formulations of Mefenamic acid ointment formulated as per B. P, by melting hard paraffin 4.75g at 60 °C initially and to this 4.75 g wool fatwas incorporated, followed by addition of soft paraffin 80.75g and then adding Cetostearyl alcohol 4.75g and 1,2 and 3 ml clove oil by continuous stirring later on ointment being cooled at room temperature. These formulations were checked for consistency, Spreadability, homogeneity, PH, viscosity, skin irritation, drug content, UV absorbance, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD (X. ray diffraction) studies. In vitro pattern via using Franz cells besides with the use of dialysis cellulose membrane was done. Results: All the synthesized formulations illustrated fine physicochemical characteristics. SEM and XRD Studies expressed that there were no physicochemical incompatibilities...
The aims of the current study were to prepare pseudoephedrine gel formulations for skin permeabil... more The aims of the current study were to prepare pseudoephedrine gel formulations for skin permeability and to assess the effect of thyme oil on the permeability of the formulations. Thyme oil was used in the gel formulations at a range of concentrations (0-3%) and its effects on pseudoephedrine permeation profiles in vitro were observed. Several physicochemical characteristics of the formulated gels were analyzed to assess their suitability for topical application. A standard pseudoephedrine calibration curve was prepared to analyze the quantity of drug released from the samples. In vitro drug permeability was studied using a Franz diffusion cell apparatus with a cellulose membrane and excised rabbit skin. Several kinetic models were used to assess the drug permeability behavior, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model was found to correspond to the in vitro drug release profiles of the pseudoephedrine gels. The formulation was physiochemically stable, the drug was released, and thyme oil did enhance the permeation of the drug up to 69.87%.
Berberis lycium (family Berberidaceae) grows in district Sherani, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is us... more Berberis lycium (family Berberidaceae) grows in district Sherani, Balochistan, Pakistan. It is used for the treatment of various disorders by the people of Balochistan. The present work was carried out to explore analgesic and neuropharamcological activities of crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum. The analgesic activity was carried out by acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test. Open field test, cage crossing test, rearing test, traction test and forced swimming test were carried out in neuropharmacological activities. The results reveal that crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed significant (P<0.05) analgesic activity in acetic acid induced pain as well as with formalin test. In neuropharmacological activities, crude methanolic extracts of B. lyceum showed significant (P<0.05) central nervous system depressant activity and in forced swimming test it showed anxiolytic effects.
Hypertension is one of cardiovascular disease that is not sufficiently prevented and controlled a... more Hypertension is one of cardiovascular disease that is not sufficiently prevented and controlled at both hospital and community levels. Hypertension resulted in significant morbidity and mortality. The benz-imidazole ring is very important pharmacophore in modern drug discovery. The substituted benzimidazoles are the important for medicinal research. Researchers have reported that substituted Benzimidazoles are the structural isosteres of nucleotides, and easily allow them to interact with the different biopolymers, possess pharmacological activity especially antihypertensive activity. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers (ARBs) compete with angiotensin II at the receptor site and block the contractile effect of angiotensin II in all vascular smooth muscles. Among all Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers (ARBs), Telmisartan, Milfasartan and many others have benzimidazole ring in their structure. In this study Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists/Blockers (ARBs) have been prepared. Synthesized compounds were characterized by physical data and FTIR spectroscopic technique. Synthesized compounds studied were finally screened for their antihypertensive activity by tail cuff method of measurement of blood pressure by NIBP apparatus (None Invasive Blood Pressure) using Chart 5.0 software. The compounds synthesized were 2-(3-nitrophenyl)-1Hbenzimidazole (1a), 3-(1H benzimidazol-2-yl)aniline (1b) and 5-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (1c). The synthesized compounds have shown antihypertensive activity by taking Losartan as lead compound.
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nov 1, 2022
Controlled release in drug release kinetics denotes reproducibility and predictability, implying ... more Controlled release in drug release kinetics denotes reproducibility and predictability, implying that drug release from delivery devices follows a kinetically predictable and repeatable rate profile from dose to dose. In the current study controlled release tablets of famotidine were prepared by direct compression technique using Eudragit RL 100 polymer. Four different formulations of controlled release tablets of famotidine as (F1, F2, F3 and F4) were prepared by adding different drug to polymer ratio. The pre compression and the post compression of the formulation, characteristics were compared. All results obtained were within the specified standard limits. FTIR studies showed that both the drug and the polymer were compatible. In vitro dissolution study were conducted by Method II (Paddle Method) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), at 100rpm. Power law kinetic model was applied for drug release mechanism. The difference similarity of the dissolution profile was determined. The formulation F1 and F2 were released 97 and 96 % in 24 hours and other formulations F3 and F4 were released subsequently 93% and 90% in 24 hours. The results showed that incorporation of Eudragit RL 100 in the formulation of controlled release tablets prolong the drug release rates for 24 hours. The release mechanism was Non-Fickian diffusion mechanism. It was deducted from the current study that the Eudragit RL 100 can be efficiently incorporated in the formulation of controlled release dosage forms with predictable kinetics.
Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nov 1, 2022
In skin disorders such as microbial and fungal infections, plants and their parts are used. Howev... more In skin disorders such as microbial and fungal infections, plants and their parts are used. However, there have been very few scientific reports of herbal extracts of the plant Pinus gerardiana to be administered transdermally. The antifungal activity was assessed using poisoned food method against the strains of three pathogenic fungi, namely Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Bipolaris specifera. Ointment was prepared according to British pharmacopeia and physiochemical evaluation tests were performed. The GCMS was used to determine the chemical composition of the essential oil of Pinus gerardiana. 27 components were obtained. Monoterpenes= 89.97%, Oxygenated monoterpenes = 8.75%, Sesquiterpenes = 2.21% out of 100% of the total composition. The extract of pinus gerardiana showed a zone of inhibition on organism Bipolaris specifera 2.98±0.1µg/ml, Alternaria alternate 3.48±0.21µ/ml and Curvularia lunata 5.04±0.24µg/ml. Ointment was prepared with pH 5.9, conductivity 0.1, viscosity 22.24 and tested for stability. Franz cells were used in vitro and release was determined from 30 minutes to 12 hours.
Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is usually employed as a model protein because of being homologous wit... more Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is usually employed as a model protein because of being homologous with human serum albumin. Cysteine-34 of BSA has been oxidised with Ellman's reagent to produce BSA labelled with an Ellman's moiety (BSA-SE). The BSA-SE was then reacted with glutathione, N-acetylcysteine and D-penicillamine (D-pen). The two were able to release the Ellman's moiety bound at cysteine-34 while D-pen did not. Albumin labeled using Ellman's reagent was used to demonstrate the cleavage of a protein mixed disulphide. The kinetics of thiol disulfide interchange reactions involving formation of a chromophoric thiolate were determined by UV-visible spectroscopy. The reaction of thiolates with excess Ellman's reagent is used for quantitative estimation of thiol by measuring the absorption at λ, 412 nm. The disulfide exchange reactions occurring at Cys-34 of BSA was determined and the reduction of oxidized Cys-34 was studied in order to understand the reverse reac...
Thallium has been shown to significantly influence various tissues of living organisms; Exposure ... more Thallium has been shown to significantly influence various tissues of living organisms; Exposure to Thallium can disturb mitochondrial function, degenerate neurons, and interfere with the function of critical metabolic enzymes and co-enzymes. Glutathione (GSH) an essential biomarker is considered a key factor in harnessing the thallium toxicity. In the present study the interaction of Thallium (Thallium Chloride) and glutathione was investigated spectro-photo-metrically in aqueous media. The renowned Elman's experimental protocol was followed at a wavelength of 412nm for Glutathione quantification in each sample. The pH of each sample was maintained at 7.6 using Phosphate buffer during the entire course of the experiment. A concentration as well as time dependent depletion of glutathione after exposure to various concentration of Thallium metal was observed, revealing chemical interaction between the metal and glutathione. The exact mechanism of interaction of Thallium and gluta...
The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate bisoprolol hemifumarate emulgel using carbopo... more The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate bisoprolol hemifumarate emulgel using carbopol 934P with the enhancers, thymus oil and olive oil. Thymus oil and olive oil were used as permeation enhancers. The emulsion formulations were added to a base gel. The emulgel was characterized for physical characteristics, stability, skin irritation, and drug release. Formulations F1 and F5 indicated the best in-vitro drug release when compared with other preparations. Bisoprolol hemifumarate emulgel containing carbopol 934P and thymus oil or olive oil enhancers could be further developed for a topical drug delivery system.
International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, May 7, 2021
Objective: To assess relative comparison of stability and degradation of Methylcobalamin tablets ... more Objective: To assess relative comparison of stability and degradation of Methylcobalamin tablets of different brands at various storage circumstances. Methods: The comparative in vitro study of Methycobal (innovator brand) with its other 5 different brands Cobalamin, Neuromet, Incobal, Qbal and Mecobal was organized for evaluation of physicochemical features of hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, disintegration time and accelerated stability at 3 temperatures, 25 °C, 30 °C±65 % and 40 °C±75 % respectively for 3 mo. Later all brands were passed through HPLC for checking the extent of degradation of drug products. Results: All tablet brands were within the weight variation specified limits except Mecobal with a relative standard deviation of 6.83%. The weight variation values of Methycobal, Cobalamin, Neuromet, Incobal, Qbal and Mecobal were 0.29%, 0.11%, 0.09%, 0.13%, 0.09% and 0.14% after friability test respectively as per standard limits. The average thickness of Cobalamin, Incobal and Mecobal were not within specified limits. The average hardness of all trades was within limits except Cobalamin and Mecobal exceeding 6kp. The disintegration time of all companies was as per specifications. Conclusion: Qbal was found economical and cost-effective. However, study facts unveiled no noteworthy variety in the Q. C assessments of Methylcobalamin brands.
Current research journal of biological sciences, Oct 20, 2017
The use of traditional herbal medicine is still very popular in Pakistani Society. The present re... more The use of traditional herbal medicine is still very popular in Pakistani Society. The present review paper aim on various traditional herbal medicines and its extracts used for the treatment of Asthma are discussed. It is prevalent and common in Villages and mountainous areas of Balochistan, where medicinal facilities are limited, so the people are rely on traditional herbal treatments for their diseases. Mostly herbal treatments are economical and very effective having fewer side effects. This review reveals that some herbal plants and their extract have Antiasthmatic properties. Unfortunately, scientific researches on herbal drugs are rare in term of controlled clinical trials. Hopefully, Scientific research will open new herbs in therapeutics.
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Jul 17, 2020
Objective: Present study was carried to formulate and evaluate the transdermal ointment containin... more Objective: Present study was carried to formulate and evaluate the transdermal ointment containing the metformin HCl active ingredient and to assess their Physicochemical studies. Methods: Metformin HCl ointment was prepared with various thymol oil concentrations. Ointments were assessed with different characterizations; Physical appearance, viscosity, pH, drug content, Consistency, homogeneity, consistency. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis, XRD studies. It was used in vitro via using Franz cells along with the use of two membranes i.e. Nylon and cellulose membrane. Results: SEM and XRD studies showed that there were no physical and chemical interactions between excipients and drug. All the formulations showed good physicochemical characteristics. The formulation showed different releases. It was observed that nylon had better release properties as compared to cellulose. Conclusion: In the study conducted here, it was observed that Nylon membrane showed better discriminating power to compare among the formulation. This indicates that it has gotten prime importance to watch the effect of the membrane upon the release pattern of the various formulations. In order to improve the formulation, we can use in vitro diffusion cell experiments of transdermal drug delivery.
Ephedra is herbal medicine used in the treatment of many diseases, especially asthma and urticari... more Ephedra is herbal medicine used in the treatment of many diseases, especially asthma and urticaria. The aim of this study was to formulate topical formulations as a microemulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the Ephedra extracts of (E. Intermedia), collected from Balochistan, Pakistan and to evaluate their isolation, characterization and in vitro and ex vivo permeability release using markers. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used for the quantification of markers, and in vitro and ex vivo studies were done by Franz diffusion cells. The kinetics release and permeability was checked by cuprophan dialysis membrane and natural rabbit skin to justify their stability for topical use. Of the three formulations, release behavior of microemulsion and gel was almost the same, and the ointment showed slow release. The cellulose membrane showed faster release than the rabbit skin; this arrangement can be shown as microemulsion > gel > ointment. However, Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics for the three formulations were observed for the membranes. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability patterns of different formulations. In vitro and ex vivo experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines.
Herbal remedies like the Thymus serpyllum L. is useful in traditional medicine for the treatment ... more Herbal remedies like the Thymus serpyllum L. is useful in traditional medicine for the treatment of many diseases especially congestion, and bronchitis. The purpose of this study was to formulate a micro-emulsion, a gel and an ointment containing the plant hydro distilled thymus oil extracted from Thymus serpyllum L. collected from Ziarat, Balochistan. The prepared formulations were subjected to in-vitro and ex vivo study release, High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), to justify their suitability for topical use. The in-vitro and ex-Vivo release was studied using Franz Cells and using two different kinds of membrane synthetic dialysis cellulose membrane and natural rabbit skin and the amount of drug released was determined by HPLC at λ 274nm. The three formulations result obtained through dialysis cellulose membrane showed the faster release than the natural rabbit skin. However, the micro-emulsion, gel formulation showed the same release except ointment. The release from the above mentioned formulation can be arranged in the following descending order. micro-emulsion > Gel > Ointment. The best fit of release kinetics was achieved by Krosmeyer- Peppas, the TLC and HPLC identifies the Thymol, isolation and quantification of the marker. This study demonstrates that it is necessary to assess the impact of release and permeability pattern of different formulations. In vitro and ex-vivo diffusion cell experiments can be utilized to develop formulations of traditional medicines identifies.
Objectives: To assess the extent of use of endpoints based on survival, biomarker and clinical ou... more Objectives: To assess the extent of use of endpoints based on survival, biomarker and clinical outcome assessments (COAs) consisting of Clinician-reported outcomes (ClinROs), Observer-reported outcomes (ObsROs), Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and Performance outcomes (PerfOs) as primary endpoints in confirmatory studies of new drugs approve from 2011 through 2015. MethOds: New drugs approved between January 2011 and December 2015 were identified using Drugs@ FDA database. Labeling and medical review sections from FDA DAPs were reviewed to identify indication and the primary endpoint of confirmatory studies. ICD-10 codes were used to classify disease and the primary endpoints were classified based on the type of outcome assessment. Descriptive data were recorded in Microsoft Excel; frequency of measured characteristics was analyzed. Results: Of the 182 new drugs approved the majority of the approvals were for drugs related to cancer (27.5%), anti-infective (15.9%) and endocrine, nutritional and metabolic diseases (15.4%). ClinROs and biomarkers constituted 47.8% and 40.7% of the primary endpoints respectively. PROs, survival and PerfO constituted 13.2%, 14.3% and 1.1% of the primary endpoints respectively. PROs were commonly found to be the primary endpoint in diseases related to genitourinary (80%), musculoskeletal (66.7%) and digestive systems (50%). Approvals related to cancer drugs relied on ClinROs (76%), biomarkers (14%) and survival (36%) as primary endpoints. Only six approvals (3.2%) were based on primary endpoints that were composite of PRO and another type of outcome. cOnclusiOns: ClinROs and biomarkers are used as primary endpoints in the majority of confirmatory studies of recent FDA approvals. PROs were key to assess treatment benefit in diseases such as those related to genitourinary, digestive and musculoskeletal systems as per respective regulatory guidance.
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Celecoxib cream and it’s in... more Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate and evaluate of Celecoxib cream and it’s in vitro release study. Methods: The release study was conducted, using dialysis cellulose membrane, in Franz cells. The donor chamber was filled with phosphate buffer pH 7.4, released medium were analyzed by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 250 nm. Kinetics model was used for calculations. The cream was followed by different evaluations like pH measurement, homogeneity, spreadability, stability study, drug content, SEM, XRD studies and skin irritation test was used for the reliability of physical conditions and chemical relation. DD solver and SPSS were used for statistical analyzation of the data. Results: The best in vitro drug release profile achieved with thyme oil in Celecoxib cream. Formulation F2 showed the highest (83%) released. The results of the Celecoxib (1%) were suitable in all constraints. The prepared Celecoxib cream was encouraging for the formulation of transdermal drug deliv...
The objective of this study was to formulate three topical dosage forms, a microemulsion, a gel, ... more The objective of this study was to formulate three topical dosage forms, a microemulsion, a gel, and an ointment, using H. helix extracts and to evaluate the release and permeation from topical preparation using Franz cells, dialysis cellulose membrane, and natural rabbit skin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemicals Hederacoside C was purchased as the analytical standard from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Carbopol P934 was a gift from Merck Sereno (Quetta, Pakistan). Oleic acid was purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hard paraffin, wool fat, cetostearyl alcohol,
International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, 2020
Objective: The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate Mefenamic acid ointment by the addition... more Objective: The aim of study was to formulate and evaluate Mefenamic acid ointment by the addition of penetration enhancer’s clove oil. Methods: 1%, 2% and 3% formulations of Mefenamic acid ointment formulated as per B. P, by melting hard paraffin 4.75g at 60 °C initially and to this 4.75 g wool fatwas incorporated, followed by addition of soft paraffin 80.75g and then adding Cetostearyl alcohol 4.75g and 1,2 and 3 ml clove oil by continuous stirring later on ointment being cooled at room temperature. These formulations were checked for consistency, Spreadability, homogeneity, PH, viscosity, skin irritation, drug content, UV absorbance, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and XRD (X. ray diffraction) studies. In vitro pattern via using Franz cells besides with the use of dialysis cellulose membrane was done. Results: All the synthesized formulations illustrated fine physicochemical characteristics. SEM and XRD Studies expressed that there were no physicochemical incompatibilities...
The aims of the current study were to prepare pseudoephedrine gel formulations for skin permeabil... more The aims of the current study were to prepare pseudoephedrine gel formulations for skin permeability and to assess the effect of thyme oil on the permeability of the formulations. Thyme oil was used in the gel formulations at a range of concentrations (0-3%) and its effects on pseudoephedrine permeation profiles in vitro were observed. Several physicochemical characteristics of the formulated gels were analyzed to assess their suitability for topical application. A standard pseudoephedrine calibration curve was prepared to analyze the quantity of drug released from the samples. In vitro drug permeability was studied using a Franz diffusion cell apparatus with a cellulose membrane and excised rabbit skin. Several kinetic models were used to assess the drug permeability behavior, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model was found to correspond to the in vitro drug release profiles of the pseudoephedrine gels. The formulation was physiochemically stable, the drug was released, and thyme oil did enhance the permeation of the drug up to 69.87%.
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