Solar wind
speed: 367.3 km/sec
density: 1.23 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0753 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: M6 1549 UT Dec11
24-hr: M6 1549 UT Dec11
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 1955 UT
Daily Sun: 11 Dec 24
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
New sunspot 3922 emitted an M6-class solar flare today, showing that it poses a threat for significant flares. Photo credit: Rodolfo Oscar Vallejos of Roldán, Santa Fe, Argentina

more images: from Spain;

Note: A flood at Stanford University has damaged a number of important SDO data servers. Repairs will not be completed until 2025. As a result, for the foreseeable future, Daily Sun images will be coming from readers of Spaceweather.com. Thank you, citizen scientists!

Sunspot number: 125
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 11 Dec 2024

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2024 total: 0 days (0%)
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)
Updated 11 Dec 2024

Thermosphere Climate Index
 today: 26.93x1010 W Hot
Max: 49.4x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 10 Dec 2024

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 172 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 11 Dec 2024

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts
Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -8.4% Low
48-hr change: -0.0%
Max: +11.7% Very High (12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 11 Dec 2024 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 1.33 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 2.33 quiet
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 4.56 nT
Bz: -2.28 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0752 UT
Coronal Holes: 11 Dec 24

Solar wind flowing from this minor coronal hole could graze Earth on Dec. 13th. Credit: NOAA/GOES-16 | more data

Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:

On Dec. 11, 2024, the Arctic stratosphere is cold enough for Type II polar stratospheric clouds. | more data.

Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for noctilucent clouds (NLCs) is underway!. The first clouds were detected over Antarctica on Nov. 19, 2024. Here is the current NLC map from the NOAA 21 satellite.

noctilucent clouds
Updated: Dec. 08, 2024

An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). In the daily map, above, each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2024 Dec 10 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
55 %
55 %
CLASS X
10 %
10 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2024 Dec 10 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
05 %
05 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
25 %
25 %
SEVERE
20 %
20 %
 
Wednesday, Dec. 11, 2024
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, but frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

THE GEMINID METEOR SHOWER HAS BEGUN: Earth is entering a stream of debris from rock comet 3200 Phaethon, source of the annual Geminid meteor shower. Forecasters expect the shower to peak on Friday night, Dec. 13th, with a dozen or so meteors per hour visible in bright moonlight. The best time to look is 2 a.m. local time (Saturday morning) when the constellation Gemini is high in the sky. [more]

POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS: Arctic skies are filling with color--but it's not the aurora borealis. A rare outbreak of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) is underway. Even Nilsen photographed the display from Troms, Norway:

"My favorite clouds appeared this morning," says Nilsen. "It's the earliest in December I have seen them here in Northern Norway. Fantastic sight!"

Polar stratospheric clouds are a sign of extreme cold. Normally, the stratosphere has no clouds at all. PSCs form when the temperature drops to a staggeringly-low -85 C. Then, and only then, can widely-spaced water molecules in the stratosphere coalesce into tiny ice crystals. When sunlight hits these crystals, they blossom with intense iridescent color.

Sky watchers in Sweden are seeing them, too. Aurora tour guide Oliver Wright was leading a group for Lights over Lapland when the clouds appeared over Abisko:

"It looked like the deer was farting rainbows," said an onlooker. Fact check: That's not how PSCs are formed.

There are actually two types of PSCs. The ones we're seeing now are harmless Type II clouds, made of pure clean water ice crystals. Type I PSCs are not so harmless. Containing both water-ice and nitric acid, they are associated with the destruction of ozone and can even presage the opening of an ozone hole. The two are easy to distinguish: Type II PSCs are very colorful, while Type I clouds tend to be wan and pale.

In most winters, the Arctic stratosphere is not cold enough for Type II PSCs until January. Seeing them in mid-December is unusual, and could herald a busy season to come. Arctic photographers, submit your images here.

more images: from Fredrik Broms of Kvaløya, Norway; from Anja of Alta, Norwegen

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

CHRISTMAS GIFTS FROM THE EDGE OF SPACE: Christmas is coming. Are you looking for a far-out gift? Check out the Earth to Sky Store. It's filled with unique items that have flown to the edge of space onboard cosmic ray research balloons.

Carried aloft by giant helium balloons, these unique gifts have flown above 99.7% of Earth's atmosphere, experiencing space-like blasts of cosmic rays, extreme cold, and a wild ride parachuting back to Earth after the balloon explodes. Even Amazon doesn't carry items this far out.

Don't forget to enter coupon code "BLACKCAT" at checkout for a 10% holiday discount.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Dec 10, 2024, the network reported 38 fireballs.
(21 sporadics, 9 Geminids, 4 sigma Hydrids, 2 December Monocerotids, 1 November omega Orionid, 1 Quadrantid)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On December 11, 2024 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2024 WH6
2024-Dec-06
6.3 LD
12
12
2024 XB1
2024-Dec-06
2.3 LD
6.9
11
2024 XT8
2024-Dec-06
14.2 LD
9.4
29
2024 XA6
2024-Dec-06
0.1 LD
16.2
18
2024 XY15
2024-Dec-06
3.1 LD
10.9
23
2024 XB3
2024-Dec-07
8.8 LD
7.3
9
2024 XS2
2024-Dec-07
0.5 LD
7.6
5
2024 XK6
2024-Dec-07
2.1 LD
3.2
3
2024 XZ15
2024-Dec-07
2.5 LD
13.3
18
2024 WG3
2024-Dec-07
18.4 LD
6.5
38
2024 XV11
2024-Dec-07
0.6 LD
9.7
5
2024 XJ3
2024-Dec-07
4.2 LD
7.6
12
2024 XE6
2024-Dec-07
3.2 LD
18.1
9
2024 WH12
2024-Dec-07
6 LD
6.9
15
2024 XL6
2024-Dec-07
14.7 LD
6.9
14
2024 XP4
2024-Dec-08
12.1 LD
12.9
26
2024 XR15
2024-Dec-08
5.7 LD
8.8
23
2024 WH11
2024-Dec-08
15.5 LD
12.2
28
2024 XT
2024-Dec-08
7.5 LD
14.8
14
2024 UU3
2024-Dec-08
16.9 LD
4.8
41
2024 XU6
2024-Dec-08
9.7 LD
7.8
8
2024 XH3
2024-Dec-09
2.4 LD
8.4
10
2024 VE13
2024-Dec-09
18 LD
10.2
65
2024 WV51
2024-Dec-09
1.8 LD
23.5
35
2024 XG2
2024-Dec-09
8.9 LD
12
12
2024 XG10
2024-Dec-09
5.2 LD
5.9
14
2024 XP2
2024-Dec-09
16 LD
21.2
45
2024 WZ13
2024-Dec-10
6.9 LD
8.9
20
2024 WS17
2024-Dec-10
4.7 LD
8.3
16
2024 XL11
2024-Dec-11
3.1 LD
11
6
2024 XJ5
2024-Dec-11
19.8 LD
10.9
27
2024 XZ11
2024-Dec-11
12.3 LD
10.6
23
2018 XU3
2024-Dec-11
16.8 LD
10.8
28
2024 XK1
2024-Dec-11
4.9 LD
7.5
10
2024 WB14
2024-Dec-11
18 LD
6.5
27
2007 XB23
2024-Dec-11
1.2 LD
4.8
14
2024 WP11
2024-Dec-12
15.6 LD
8.6
22
2024 XS
2024-Dec-12
8.3 LD
25.6
31
2024 XF9
2024-Dec-12
2 LD
6.5
9
2024 WD18
2024-Dec-13
20 LD
9
33
2024 XW15
2024-Dec-13
16.9 LD
11.5
66
2024 XC16
2024-Dec-13
13.8 LD
20.7
32
2024 XU9
2024-Dec-14
13.6 LD
16.3
33
2024 XB16
2024-Dec-15
5.5 LD
7.8
15
2024 XF4
2024-Dec-15
18.3 LD
14.5
61
2024 XY5
2024-Dec-16
9.2 LD
4.8
24
2024 XB6
2024-Dec-16
17.5 LD
6.6
19
2024 XV6
2024-Dec-16
17.5 LD
10.7
11
2024 XE16
2024-Dec-16
17.7 LD
3.7
48
2024 VE7
2024-Dec-16
7.3 LD
8
45
2022 YO1
2024-Dec-17
2 LD
14.3
4
2024 XR6
2024-Dec-17
15.3 LD
5.6
16
2024 XS3
2024-Dec-18
8.7 LD
10.5
27
2020 XY4
2024-Dec-19
12.8 LD
8.8
14
2024 XN15
2024-Dec-21
9.9 LD
9.7
19
2024 XQ4
2024-Dec-21
2.8 LD
13.2
16
2024 XN1
2024-Dec-24
18.9 LD
6.6
39
2017 YD2
2024-Dec-27
18 LD
9.9
6
2024 AV2
2024-Dec-31
6.7 LD
7.8
17
2024 XP10
2025-Jan-02
19.8 LD
8.4
38
2021 AO4
2025-Jan-04
6.9 LD
15.1
11
2020 BC6
2025-Jan-05
9.6 LD
22.2
248
2024 BM1
2025-Jan-08
11.5 LD
9.1
22
2024 PT5
2025-Jan-09
4.7 LD
1
12
2023 OS3
2025-Jan-09
19.9 LD
3.1
10
2012 UK171
2025-Jan-11
10.7 LD
6.4
46
2023 OS
2025-Jan-15
16.6 LD
10.9
48
2022 CE2
2025-Jan-16
11.1 LD
13.3
120
2022 OB5
2025-Jan-18
8.9 LD
1.4
6
2024 WY70
2025-Jan-18
16.5 LD
10.2
261
2022 BX6
2025-Jan-28
19.7 LD
14.3
24
2015 DJ155
2025-Jan-31
18.6 LD
9.2
56
2022 AV4
2025-Feb-03
16.8 LD
3.4
25
2018 RE3
2025-Feb-03
15.5 LD
11.1
12
2002 CC14
2025-Feb-04
8.4 LD
12.7
39
2016 CO248
2025-Feb-07
13.5 LD
5.9
11
2020 GZ2
2025-Feb-07
17.7 LD
8.9
9
2022 PK1
2025-Feb-07
15 LD
11
33
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics.
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

Spaceweather.com welcomes these supporters of science communication: RV Sales and Arizona Web Design & SEO and Dentist in Phoenix, AZand Commercial Cleaning Phoenix | Pest Control in Phoenix | HVAC repair in South Jersey | Dental implants New Jersey | Dental Implants New Jersey

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NASA Near Earth Asteroid Home Page

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T CrB NOVA WATCH
today: m=10.0 (Dec. 11.6)
yesterday: m=9.9
more: AAVSO data

Explanation: When the nova explodes, the visual magnitude of the star (m) will jump from +10 (invisible to the naked eye) to +2 (about as bright as the North Star).



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