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    Veterinary Immunology

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    Jennifer Bumagat-Bermudez
    Veterinary immunology is the study of immunity and the immune system. The immune system protects the body through physical barriers and innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses present from birth while acquired immunity develops after exposure and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Key historical events include the development of vaccines by Jenner, Pasteur, and others.

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    Veterinary Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Jennifer Bumagat-Bermudez
    546 views20 pages
    Veterinary immunology is the study of immunity and the immune system. The immune system protects the body through physical barriers and innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses present from birth while acquired immunity develops after exposure and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Key historical events include the development of vaccines by Jenner, Pasteur, and others.

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    Veterinary immunology is the study of immunity and the immune system. The immune system protects the body through physical barriers and innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses present from birth while acquired immunity develops after exposure and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Key historical events include the development of vaccines by Jenner, Pasteur, and others.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    546 views20 pages

    Veterinary Immunology

    Uploaded by

    Jennifer Bumagat-Bermudez
    Veterinary immunology is the study of immunity and the immune system. The immune system protects the body through physical barriers and innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides nonspecific defenses present from birth while acquired immunity develops after exposure and provides long-lasting, antigen-specific protection through humoral and cell-mediated responses. Key historical events include the development of vaccines by Jenner, Pasteur, and others.

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    VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY

    IMMUNOLOGY the scientific study of all aspects of immunity IMMUNITY non- susceptibility to the invasive or pathogenic effects of microorganisms Is an enhanced state of responsiveness to a specific substance, induced by prior contact with that substance State of resistance to an infection

    Historical Highlights in Veterinary Immunology


    Date 12th century Event Variolation or Inoculation -Chinese rubbed infected pox materials on cuts of skin Rinderpest or cattle plague outbreak started inoculation of healthy animals with piece of string soaked in the nasal discharge of infected animal as preventive measure to control rinderpest Edward Jenner used cowpox to vaccinate humans against small pox. Vaccination term was coined from vacca latin for cow

    1754

    1798

    1879

    Louis Pasteur established the general principle of vaccination using Pasteurella multocida model in chickens.

    1879

    Louis Pasteur Founder of the Science of Immunology Father of Immunology First to produce Bacillus antracis vaccine Developed the first Rabies vaccine using dry spinal cord of rabies infected rabbits Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith used heat killed culture of Salmonella enterica cholerasuis to protect pigeons Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato sucessfully tested vaccines for diptheria and tetanus Von Behring named and discovered antibodies

    1890-1904

    1905
    1955- 1960

    Robert Koch discovered the tuberculin reaction and won the Nobel Prize
    Jonas Salk and Alfred Sabin discovered the different forms of the poliomyelitis vaccine which was used to control the disease worldwide. George Kohler and Cesar Milstein won Nobel Prize for production of monoclonal antibodies

    1984

    Defense of the body or protection of the body is a function of multiple defense systems that can control or destroy most of invaders An effective immune system is essential to life

    TYPES OF IMMUNITY
    NATURAL OR INNATE IMMUNITY
    Nonspecific Present from birth Consists of a. Barriers to antigens: e.g. skin, mucous membranes, b. chemical and cellular defense mechanisms , e.g. Inflammation- a focused defense response where local changes in tissues brought about by microbial invasion or tissue damage result in increased blood flow and local accumulation of cells that can attack and destroy the invaders. Complement System

    TYPES OF IMMUNITY
    ACQUIRED IMMUNITY (Specific/ Adaptive)
    Expressed after exposure to a given substance or antigen and is specific An adaptive response wherein the system can learn to recognize invaders when it encounters them again and that can respond even more rapidly and effectively. The acquired immune system can recognize foreign invaders, destroy them and retain the memory of the encounter. Consist of: Humoral Immunity Cell Mediated Immunity

    A comparison of Innate and Acquired Immunity


    INNATE IMMUNITY Always on Cells involved Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils Rapid ( min- hrs) Common microbial structures Maybe overwhelmed None Does not improve ACQUIRED IMMUNITY Turned on by antigens T and B cells

    Onset Specificity Potency Memory Effectiveness

    Slow (days weeks) Unique antigens Rarely overwhelmed Significant memory Improves with exposure

    THE BODYS DEFENSES


    Invading Microorganisms

    Physical Barriers

    Examples:

    Innate Immunity

    Examples:

    Specific Immunity

    Examples:

    BODY DEFENSE

    Acquired Immunity

    Innate Immunity

    Humoral Immunity

    Cell mediated Immunity

    Antibodies

    Lymphocytes

    TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE


    A. Humoral Immune Response (Antibody mediated Immunity)- acquired immunity response to exogenous antigens that are extracellular Antibodies or Immunoglobulins- protective factors synthesized by the body against an antigen or upon exposure to an antigen. Ex. Tetanus antitoxin when injected to a horse prevents tetanus infection.

    HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE


    A. Primary Immune Response- response that occurs following a first exposure to an antigen, antibodies produced are relatively small, no antibodies are detected for a week ( lag period) after injection. Antibodies peak at 10-14 days before declining. B. Secondary Immune Response- a response that occurs following a second or subsequent exposure to antigen, the response is immediate and antibody rises rapidly at a higher level than the primary response. The features of the secondary immune response indicate that the immune system is able to remember previous exposure to an antigen also known as ANAMNESTIC RESPONSE.

    TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE


    B. Cell Mediated Immune Response (CMI)
    Mediated by lymphocytes and phagocytes E.g. Graft rejection demonstrates the existence of a mechanism wherein foreign cells differing slightly from an animals own normal cells are rapidly recognized and eliminated. CMI and Humoral Immune Response not entirely separate but they act together.

    TOLERANCE
    The immune system must recognize its own cells as not foreign and not mount an immune response. Tolerance breakdown results to autoimmune disease. Examples. Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE), Hemolytic anemia and myasthenia gravis

    MECHANISM OF IMMUNE RESPONSE


    1. Method of trapping and processing antigens (Ag) 2. Mechanism of reacting specifically to an Ag 3. Produce antibodies (Ab) or participate in CMI 4. Cells retain memory of event and able to react to the same Ag in the future.

    Mechanism of Acquired Immune Response Foreign Material Extracellular (Exogenous)


    e.g. parasite, protozoa, bacteria, fungi Antigen Processing Cells ( APC)

    Intracellular (Endogenous)
    e.g. viruses, intracellular protozoa , cancer cells

    Antigen sensitive Cells B cell Memory cells Ab producing cells Ab production Antigen elimination Stop T cell Effector cell Memory cell

    Cell mediated Immunity

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