Basics Of Telecom

Induction Program

Agenda

Mobile Technologies
GSM Network and its architecture

Components and functionalities

Roaming

Mobile technology

What is GSM/CDMA/TDMA or difference between Tata indicom,

reliance and Airtel, Hutch, !dea

Various mobility technologies

GSM / GPRS / UMTS
CDMA CDMA-95, 1xRTT, 1xEVDO

Mostly different on the Radio Interface (how the handset talks over
air)

Core network and its components follow similar framework

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You will also learn about

Network Architecture

Air interface and core network

GSM network

HLR
VLR MSC (GMSC) SMSC EIR Billing IN

VAS

Roaming

Roaming links
Network Architecture

Telecom Technology Fundamentals

Basic Telecom Network 2 subscribers

Transmission media

Customer premise Equipment (Telephone)

Basic Telecom Network Speech conversion

Speech

Electrical signal Equivalent to speech

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Basis of Telecommunication Transmission

Speech, Video etc. are converted into equivalent electrical signals at the
Customer (subscriber) premises (source)

Telecommunication networks carry electrical/digital signals of speech, video

etc. from source to destination

At the destination, the electrical/digital signals are converted back into

equivalent speech, video etc

Basic Telecom Network3 subscribers

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Basic Telecom Network 7 Subscribers

A mess ?
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Basic Telecom Network Central switching facility

Local Exchange (L.E)

Better Alternative!
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Basic Telecom Network Central switching facility-contd

Typical Network in a metro city

L.E

L.E

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Mesh Connection of LEs

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

LE

Messy !
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Connection of LEs thru Tandem

LE

LE

LE

LE

Tandem Exchange

LE

LE

LE

LE
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Basic Telecom Network Central switching facility-contd

Switching Network

L.E

L.E
Backbone Access Network

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Building Blocks of a Telecom Network

Switch

PABX Access NW

Switch

Backbone

Switch

Access Switching Core Network Backbone

Switch
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Concept of networks

Network A Airtel

Every network is independent of each other. Networks should be interconnected with each other for calls from one n/w to another n/w. Caller is called A Party and receiver is B party. MO is mobile originated MT is mobile terminated Ex MOC, MTSMS Who pays whom?

Network B Hutch

Within Network Network C Reliance

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Access Network

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What is an Access Network??

The part of the Telecommunication Network from the Subscriber

(Customer premises equipment) to the Switching facility

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Switching Network

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Switching Network

What is a Switching NW?

That part of a Telecom Network which connects to the Access network and switches calls to the desired destination (in Access NW) as per dialed digits..

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Switching- Numbering plan

105

106

107 L.E

104

101 102

103
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Switching- Numbering plan- contd

105 104

106

107 20 L.E

104

21 L.E

101 102

103 L.Es are mostly Computer Controlled now a days

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Switching Network
Basic Functions of a Telephone switch

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Backbone Network

What is a Backbone NW?

That part of the Telecom Network which interconnects the Switching Nodes

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Architecture of a Telecom Network

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Local Exchange Network- Two Exchanges

105 104

106

107 20 L.E

104

21 L.E

101 102

103
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Local Exchange Network Eight Exchanges

LE 22

Exch. code

LE 21

LE 23

LE 20

Tandem Exchange

LE 24

LE 26

LE 25

LE 24
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Local Exchange Network

A Network where calls within its boundary are all charged at a Local call rate is a Short Distance Charging Area (SDCA)

For eg. Pune City is an SDCA

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Long Distance Network

Pune LE
SDCA

Delhi TAX

TAX

LE

LDCC (Long Distance Charging Centre)

SDCA

TAX- Trunk Automatic Exchange

LE

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National Long Distance Network

LE TAX

11 33 TAX 44

LE

22
LE Delhi TAX

LE Mumbai
TAX Chennai LE

Kolkotta

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International Longdistance Network

International Gateway (IGY) Mumbai

TAX
LE Mumbai TAX Pune LE

TAX

TAX

LE Nagpur

LE
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International Longdistance Network

Domestic Network (USA)

91 (India)
0044 xxxxxxx

1
IGY

LE

TAX

IGY

IGY 44

Domestic Network (UK)

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International Telephone Numbering scheme

Country code (India)

91

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6523138

International Prefix

Area code (Pune)

Subscriber Number
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Wireless Access Technologies

Macro

Coverage

GSM CDMA

Micro Coverage

DECT

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GSM- History

1970s 1980s-

Bell labs invents Cellular Mobile Telephony Nordic PTTs implement NMT 450 Cellular systems

1980s- UK implements TACS Cellular Mobile System

1980s- Germany implements C Netz Mobile system

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GSM History- contd

1982--

Nordic PTTs send a proposal to CEPT to specify a common European Mobile Telecommunications service at 900 Mhz

1982 Global System for Mobile (GSM) standardisation body

established.

1987- 13 countries sign an MOU to have GSM services by 1991

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GSM History- cond

1990GSM phase 1 specifications frozen

1991- GSM 1800 Mhz specs. Frozen

1992- January

- First GSM Operator in Finland

1992 December- 13 Networks in operation

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GSM History- cond

1993- Roaming agreements between several Operators established

1996 Prepaid GSM SIM cards launched

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GSM- Building Blocks

HLR AuC
RBS
V M S

BSC
MS

MSC/ VLR Access NW

Switching NW

BSC

Radio Network

SMS C

EIR

Radio Network
PSTN
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Radio Network

Mobile Network

Core Network

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

MSC/VLR

Radio Base-station Sub-system (BSS)

Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

MSC/VLR

Home Location Register (HLR)

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Billing System, IN, Call centre, SMSC, VAS

GSM Network

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Network Architecture
HLR/ VLR A-bis

UM

Handset

BSC

A X.25

MSC

SS7

PSTN

BTS

OMC
(Operation & Maintenance Center)

SIM card Mobile Radio station sub-system

Operation Terminal
Network sub-system

Data Terminal
PSTN
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Description of GSM Building Blocks

Cells BTS (RBS) Base Transceiver Station. BSC- Base Station Controller
MSC

A number of BSCs served by MSC Controls calls to & from Radio Network Interface to PSTN

Each cell has BTS

Controls a group of BTS- Controls Channel assignments & Handover

Mobile services Switching center/ GMSC

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GSM Building Blocks- Description

DATA Bases

HLR- Home Location Register

All Subscriber information

Services, Authentication parameters

Location of MS (Mobile Station) MS sends this info vis MSC/VLR to HLR

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GSM Building Blocks- Description

VLR- Visitor Location Register

Contains info about all MSs in MSC area As soon as MS roams into a new MSC area, VLR requests its HLR for subscription data. Also its (MSs) HLR is informed about MSs current location AUC provides Authentication parameters & ciphering keys to HLR

AUC- Authentication Centre

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GSM Building Blocks- Description

EIR- Equipment Identity Register

MS- Mobile Station

Contains unique Hardware identity of Mobile equipment (IMEI) EIR checks whether the validity of the equipment.. Type approved, stolen etc.. Stolen and non type approved can be barred Mobile equipment + SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) SIM contains subscription, Authentication key and other details

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GSM Building Blocks- Description

VMS- Voice Mail System

Stores voice messages for unreachable MSs

SMS- C-

Short Message Service Centre

SMS C acts as a Store & Forward centre for short messages

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GSM/PLMN Service Area

GSM/PLMN

Service area

MSC/VLR Service Area

Location Area

The Cell

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GSM Service Area Hierarchy

GSM Service Area
PLMN Service Area (one per operator)

MSC/VLR Location Area

cell

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Roaming callisflow process CDR forwarded to

the Billing system for rating

TAP-OUT file is generated and forwarded to the Clearing House

Data Clearing House

Visited Network Billing System

Call gets handed over to the Switch Home Network Billing System

TAP file is processed and forwarded to Home Network (TAP-IN)

Roaming subscriber makes an ROC call in the Visited Network

Roaming calls feature in the local bill of the subscriber.

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IMSI International Numbering Plan Mobile Subscriber Identity Mobile Country Code 3 Digit Mobile N/w Code 3 Digit (mostly 2) Mobile sub Identification No 9 or 10 digit

MSISDN Mobile Sub ISDN Number - For India 10 Digit Country Code (CC) 2 Digit (91)
National Destination Code

Subscriber Number (SN) 6 digit

4 Digit (9849)

Country

CC

MCC

UK
France India

44
33 91

234
208 404

CC and MCC codes are different

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Some Terminology

HPMN Home Public Mobile Network VPMN Visited Public Mobile Network SMSC Short Message Service Center BSS/OSS Business/Operations Support System GPRS General Packet Radio Service IN Intelligent Network Customers/Subscribers, Out-Roamers, In-Roamers IOT Inter Operator Tariff TAP Transferred Accounting Procedure
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HLR Home Location Register

A master database which stores permanent information on

subscriber irrespective of their location, including

Individual Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki) for each Subscriber Revenue Leakage? Identity Module (SIM) Location (VLR) Services subscribed to

Each IMSI is attached to MSISDN Integrated and Standalone HLR

Authentication Center (AUC) - Computes auth. triplets

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VLR Visitor Location Register

Temporarily stores information for mobile subscribers/roamers who

are served/attached to a cell served by a MSC managed by this VLR

Standalone VLR and Integrated VLR

Stores Location Area of subscriber Data related to supplementary services

Call forwarding, Call barring etc.

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MSC Mobile Switching Center

Also called the Switch

Controls multiple Base Stations; handles voice trunks Responsible for setting up, routing and supervising calls to and from
the mobile subscriber

GMSC is a MSC with a capability to:

Interface between mobile and other networks Query the HLR to terminate a call to a subscriber (which MSC/VLR is the subscriber attached to?)
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SMSC Short Message Service Center

Stores and Forwards messages between Message Sender and

Mobile Station

Service Center address defined in SIM card Various interface protocols

SMPP 3.3, SMPP 3.4, UCP,

Capacity specified in BHSM Busy Hour Short Message

processing ability
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GPRS General Packet Radio System

GGSN, SGSN are two network entities

SGSN: Similar to VLR GGSN: Similar to HLR

GRX GPRS Roaming Exchange

Similar to SS7 Signaling Interconnect providers Nearly 30 GRX providers in the world Peering with each other in Amsterdam

APN Access Point Name

Type of URL
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www.comviva.com
Thank You

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