Market place is now changing.

Brand managers now face market fragmentation, channel dynamics, global realities and business environments that have drastically changed their task, and then there is also the cost factor which forces a manager to leverage brand assets in parts. To cope up with these pressures and complexities, brand managers have had to create and manage brand teams that are often intricate and complex, involving sub brands and endorsed brands. This leads us to a new discipline called brand architecture

Brand architecture is an organizing structure of the brand portfolio that specifies brand roles and the nature of relationships between brands. A coherent brand architecture can lead to impact, clarity, synergy and leverage rather then than market confusion, waste and missed opportunities. A tool was introduced in brand architecture to employ with insight and subtlety, sub brands and endorsed brands, called brand relationship spectrum

The brand relationship spectrum is related to the role that brands play. This driver role reflects the degree to which a brand drives the purchase decision and use experience When a person is asked what brand did you buy? the answer they give will be the brand that had primary driver role responsibility for the decision. The brand relationship spectrum recognizes that these options define a continuum that involves four basic strategies and nine sub strategies. The position on the spectrum reflects the degree to which brands are separated in strategy execution and, ultimately, in the customer's mind.

(read the importance of sub brands and endorsed brands from notes)

House of Brands Endorsed brands Sub brands

Not connected Shadow endorser

Token endorsement Linked name Strong endorsement

Co-drivers Master brand as driver

Different brands Same identity

Read example s from the notes!

It involves an independent set of stand alone brands, each maximizing the impact on a market. Example of P&G : having many major brands with little or no link to P&G Negative points: 1. economies of scale and synergies (that came from leveraging a brand across multiple businesses) is sacrificed 2. Those brands which can not stand investments themselves risk stagnation and decline 3. Individual brands tend to have a narrow range

Positive points: (functional benefits and domination of niche segments) 1. Avoiding a brand association that would be incompatible with an offering (example of budweiser-associated with beer taste, with budweiser cola) 2. Signaling breakthrough advantages of new offerings (toyotas example of introducing the separate Lexus name and differentiating it from any predecessors at toyota) 3. Owing a new product class association by using a powerful name that reflects a key benefit (examples of shampoo: head and shouldersdandruff control shampoo, pantene-enhancing hair vitality) 4. Avoiding or minimizing channel conflicts (LOreal reserves the Lancome brand for department and specialty stores that would not support a brand available in drug and discount stores)

A shadow endorser brand is not connected visibly to the endorsed brand but many consumers know about the link. It provides some of the advantages of having a known organization backing the brand, while minimizing any association contamination. It communicates that the organization realizes that shadow endorsed brand represents a totally different product and market segment. (example of a restaurant)

Endorsed brands are independent brands but they are also endorsed by another brand, usually an organizational brand. It provides credibility and substance to the offering and usually plays a minor driver role (example of Cadbury, mars, nestle, terrys, walls and a control which had no endorsement- endorsement really helps) Making the endorser brands strategy work involves understanding the distinction between an organizational brand and product brand.

A variant of the endorser strategy is a token brand endorser, usually a master brand involved in several product-market context, which is substantially less prominent than the endorsed brand. It can be a logo, like nestle written on Kitkat bar. Its basic role is to provide reassurance and credibility It will have impact if it is well known, consistent, has a visual metaphor symbol and appears on family of products that are well-regarded. Mistake: if the endorsement is not well known or well regarded or if the endorsed brand is well regarded and does not need endorsement.

Name with common elements creates a family of brands with an implied or implicit endorser (McDonalds- Big Mac, Mc Crispy, Mac Arabia, here Mc links to McDonalds in effect creates an implied McDonaldss endorser. A linked name provides the benefits of a separate name without having to establish a second name from scratch and link it to a master brand.

Sub brands are brands connected to a master or a parent brand and augment or modify the associations of that master brand. The master brand here is the primary frame of reference, which is stretched by sub brands that add attributes associations, application association, a signal of breakthrough newness, a brand personality and even energy. One role of sub brand s to extend a master brand into a meaningful new segment. The link between a sub brands is extremely close thus a sub brand has considerable potential to affect the associations of the master brand. It can either be a RISK or an OPPORTUNITY. Master brand here will have a major driver role

When both master brand and sub brand have major driver roles, it is considered a co-driver situation, usually for this case the master brand already has some real credibility in the product class, it may be providing presence, visibility and attitude. (Gillette and Mach3 example) Here unless the two brands stand for comparable quality, the association might tarnish the more prestigious brand.

In a branded house strategy, a master brand moves from being a primary driver to a dominant driver role across a multiple offerings. The sub brand goes from having a modest driver role to being a descriptor with little or no driver role. This option this puts a lot of eggs in a single basket, which of course is very risky as it is difficult to maintain a cool image or a quality position with a large market share, it can also limit the firms ability to target specific groups: compromises must be made. However the branded house enhances clarity, synergy and leverage and thus should be the default brand architecture option. It is much easier to understand and recall.

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2.

Two assumptions: There can be different brand identities and positions in every context despite the common brand name. (though the use of dozen brand identities cause brand anarchy and is recipe for ineffective and inefficient brand building) There is a single brand identity and position everywhere even through the imposition of a single brand identity risks a mediocre compromise that is ineffective in many of its context There usually needs to be a limited number of identities that share common elements and have distinctions as well.