WAVES

Presented by: Ms. Evalyn Suyat-Capinding

WHAT IS A WAVE?
A periodic disturbance which travels through a medium from one point in space to the others.
Wave motion means the propagation of waves through a medium.

Waves are everywhere in nature

Sound waves, visible light waves, radio waves, microwaves, water waves, sine waves, telephone chord waves, stadium waves, earthquake waves, waves on a string, slinky waves

TYPES OF WAVES
Waves are classified into different types according to their natures

WAVES
Mechanical waves
Transverse waves

Electromagnetic waves
Transverse waves

Longitudinal waves

Mechanical Waves
A material medium is necessary for the transmission for mechanical waves. Mechanical waves cannot travel through vacuum. Due to elastic forces on adjacent layers of medium, disturbance is transmitted from one layer to the next through the medium.

Water waves, sound, vibration of spring, etc.

according to the direction of vibration, waves are also classified into : (a) Transverse wave; (b) Longitudinal waves.

Transverse Waves
The waveform appears in the shape of sine curve. A wave in which the motions of the matter particles are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave itself.

Water waves, pulse in a stretched string,transverse wave demonstrator.

Longitudinal Waves
A wave in which the motions of the matter particles are in the same direction as the wave propagation. Sound, or a spring oscillating up and down, etc. Show magnetic longitudinal demonstrator

Difference between Transverse and Longitudinal Waves

Electromagnetic Waves
Material medium is not essential for propagation. e/m waves travel through vacuum. Disturbance of electric and magnetic fields travelling through space. All electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

X-rays, radio waves, micro-waves,etc.

examples

Terminology of a Wave
A wave is usually described by the following terms : Amplitude Wavelength () Frequency (f) Period (T) Wave velocity (v)

The amplitude is the maximum displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position. The wavelength () is the minimum distance between two points which are in phase. The frequency () is the number of complete oscillations made in one second. Unit : Hz The period (T) is the time taken for one complete oscillation. It is related to frequency by T = 1/ Unit : s

Anatomy of a Wave
crest

The points A and F are called the CRESTS of the wave. This is the point where the wave exhibits the maximum amount of positive or upwards displacement

Anatomy of a Wave

trough

The points D and I are called the TROUGHS of the wave. These are the points where the wave exhibits its maximum negative or downward displacement.

Anatomy of a Wave

Amplitude

The distance between the dashed line and point A is called the Amplitude of the wave. This is the maximum displacement that the wave moves away from its equilibrium.

Anatomy of a Wave
wavelength

The distance between two consecutive similar points (in this case two crests) is called the wavelength. This is the length of the wave pulse. Between what other points is can a wavelength be measured?

Anatomy of a Wave
What is the Wave length?
Measure from any identical two successive points

5 10

15

20 25 30 35

40

(nm)

30nm 10nm = 20nm

Wave Speed
What is the formula for velocity?
velocity = distance / time

v=/T

What distance do we know about a wave?

wavelength

and what time do we know

period

Wave Speed
The speed of sound in air is 343 meters per second (660 miles per hour) at one atmosphere of pressure and room temperature (21C). An object is subsonic when it is moving slower than sound.

Wave Speed
We use the term supersonic to describe motion at speeds faster than the speed of sound. A shock wave forms where the wave fronts pile up. The pressure change across the shock wave is what causes a very loud sound known as a sonic boom.

Wave Speed

The Wave Equation

The wave velocity is the displacement traveled by the wave in one second ....

The wave velocity (v) is related to frequency and wavelength by -The Wave Equation

v =

Using the Wave Equation

Example : A travelling wave of wavelength 0.6m moves at a
speed of 3.0 m/s. What is the period of this wave ? By using the wave Then the period of this wave is ??? equation, v = 3.0 = (0.6) Period T = 1/ = 5.0 Hz T = 1/5.0 or 0.2 s

Wave Properties
Waves are oscillations and they transport energy.

The energy of a wave is proportional to its frequency. Fast oscillation = high frequency = high energy Slow oscillation = low frequency = low energy The amplitude is a measure of the wave intensity. SOUND: amplitude corresponds to loudness LIGHT: amplitude corresponds to brightness

Waves & Sound

The Nature of Sound
Speed of Sound Human hearing Doppler effect Seeing with sound

Speed of Sound
344 m/s in air at 20C Depends on:
Type of medium
travels better through liquids and solids cant travel through a vacuum

Temperature of medium
travels faster at higher temps

How sound is created?

The human voice is a complex sound that starts in the larynx, a small structure at the top of your windpipe. The sound that starts in the larynx is changed by passing through openings in the throat and mouth. Different sounds are made by changing both the vibrations in the larynx and the shape of the openings.

Human Hearing
sound wave

vibrates ear drum

amplified by bones

converted to nerve impulses in cochlea

Human Hearing
The eardrum vibrates in response to sound waves in the ear canal. The three delicate bones of the inner ear transmit the vibration of the eardrum to the side of the cochlea. The fluid in the spiral of the cochlea vibrates and creates waves that travel up the spiral.

Human Hearing
Pitch
highness or lowness of a sound depends on frequency of sound wave human range: 20 - 20,000 Hz
The human ear is most sensitive to sounds between 300 and 3,000 Hz. The ear is less sensitive to sounds outside this range.

Human Hearing
Intensity
volume of sound depends on energy (amplitude) of sound wave measured in decibels (dB)

Human Hearing
DECIBEL SCALE 120

100 70 40 10 18 80

110

Doppler Effect
Doppler Effect
change in wave frequency caused by a moving wave source

moving towards you - pitch sounds higher moving away from you - pitch sounds lower

Seeing with Sound

Ultrasonic waves - above 20,000 Hz

Medical Imaging

SONAR Sound Navigation Ranging

Stethoscope
The stethoscope is a medical device for listening to internal sounds in the human body. There are two types of stethoscopes in use, acoustic and electronic. The chest-piece usually consists of two sides that can be placed against the patient for sensing sound a diaphragm (plastic disc) or bell (hollow cup)

If the diaphragm is placed on the patient, body sounds vibrate the diaphragm, creating acoustic pressure waves which travel up the tubing to the listener's ears.

Electronic Stethoscopes
A sound transducer connected to a stethoscope head is a very convenient form of the traditional stethoscope. The electronic version can provide amplification, recording, and minimizes artifacts due to cord contact with clothing etc.
Wireless (Bluetooth) Stethoscope Head

Intel Physicians Tablet

Light

What is Light?
Light is a wave, or rather acts like a wave. How do we know?
Reflection Refraction Dispersion Diffraction Interference Polarization

What is Light
Light is a special type of wave What we know as light or VISIBLE LIGHT is actually a type of something called ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION.

So, what is electromagnetic radiation and electromagnetic waves?

Electromagnetic Waves
When something creates energy it also emits radiation. Depending on the amount of energy, the object will emit different types of electromagnetic radiation. When we studied mechanical waves, they were all transferred through a medium. What medium is light transferred through? LIGHT DOES NOT NEED ONE!

Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are special in the fact that they do not need a medium to propagate through. But what is creating the disturbance? What is emitting this energy?

ELECTRONS

Electromagnetic Waves
Electrons in materials are vibrated and emit energy in the form of photons, which propagate across the universe. Photons have no mass, but are pure energy. Electromagnetic Waves are waves that are made up of these photons. When these photons come in contact with boundaries, E-M waves interact like other waves would.

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Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic waves are everywhere. Light is only a small part of them
Radios TVs Microwaves Light (Visible/UV/InfraRed) Radiation Lasers CD/DVD players X-Rays

The Seven Bands of the EM Spectrum

Microwave or millimeter between Radio and IR

So, why can we only see a small portion of these E-M waves?

Visible Light
What we see is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. We know that the light waves enter our eye, and stimulate parts of it that cause a electrical impulse to be sent to the brain which creates this visual image. But everything does not emit radiation. How do we see those things? And why cant we see a window?

Seeing things
We know that when waves run into a boundary they are partially transmitted and partially reflected. Light behaves as a wave, so it to is reflected.

Therefore, an object does not need to emit photons itself to be seen, it just has to reflect light back to our eyes where we can detect it. Objects that do not allow light to pass through them are called opaque. Objects that allow light to pass through them are considered transparent. Objects in between are called translucent.

Polarization
Polarization is a phenomenon of light that is used in sun-glasses and 3D movies. Play with the two polarizing filters for a few minutes and note what is happening and see if you can think of any reasons for it. Light vibrates in all directions. A polarizing filter acts like a picket fence. It only lets certain direction vibrations pass through it. Therefore, if you pass light through two of them you can completely block the light from passing through. HOW?

Color
Different objects may emit different wavelengths of E-M radiation, so we would see that light as different colors. But why do we see colors in objects that reflect light? If you shine a white light on my clothes, and it gets reflected why doesnt all of my clothes appear white? When I shine white light through a colored piece of plastic, why does it change color?

Color
The light we see is know as visible or white light although it is not that simple. The light is not really white, the white we see is a combination of all the colors of the rainbow. Remember R-O-Y G. B-I-V from art class. When all of these light waves are combined we see white light.

Color Reflection
So if we see something as WHITE, that means
It reflected back all the wavelengths of light to our eyes

If we see something as RED or BLUE

It reflected only the RED or only the BLUE wavelengths The others were absorbed.

And if we see something as black?

It did not reflect back any of the light.

Color Transmission
Filters work in a similar way. Red filters only let RED light thru. Blue let only BLUE light thru.

Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

Law of reflection: the angle of reflection (that the ray makes with the normal to a surface) equals the angle of incidence.

Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

When light reflects from a rough surface, the law of reflection still holds, but the angle of incidence varies. This is called diffuse reflection.

Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

With diffuse reflection, your eye sees reflected light at all angles. With specular reflection (from a mirror), your eye must be in the correct position.

Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

What you see when you look into a plane (flat) mirror is an image, which appears to be behind the mirror.

Reflection; Image Formation by a Plane Mirror

What you see when you look into a plane (flat) mirror is an image, which appears to be behind the mirror.

This is called a virtual image, as the light does not go through it. The distance of the image from the mirror is equal to the distance of the object from the mirror.

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

Spherical mirrors are shaped like sections of a sphere, and may be reflective on either the inside (concave) or outside (convex).

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

Rays coming from a faraway object are effectively parallel.

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

Parallel rays striking a spherical mirror do not all converge at exactly the same place if the curvature of the mirror is large; this is called spherical aberration.

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

If the curvature is small, the focus is much more precise; the focal point is where the rays converge.

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

If an object is inside the focal point, its image will be upright, larger, and virtual.

Formation of Images by Spherical Mirrors

For a convex mirror, the image is always virtual, upright, and smaller.

Index of Refraction
In general, light slows somewhat when traveling through a medium. The index of refraction of the medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to the speed of light in the medium:

Refraction: Snells Law

Light changes direction when crossing a boundary from one medium to another. This is called refraction, and the angle the outgoing ray makes with the normal is called the angle of refraction.

Refraction: Snells Law

Refraction is what makes objects half-submerged in water look odd.

Refraction: Snells Law

The angle of refraction depends on the indices of refraction, and is given by Snells law:

How You See?

Near Sighted Eyeball is too long and image focuses in front of the retina
Near Sightedness Concave lenses expand focal length

Far Sighted Eyeball is too short so image is focused behind the retina.
Far Sightedness Convex lens shortens the focal length.

Medical Application of the basic principles

Visual Acuity and error or refraction Endoscopy Opthalmology