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    Decision Support Systems Development

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    Dr Rushen Singh
    DSS development involves many issues including system development lifecycles, prototyping approaches, team formation, and technical and behavioral challenges. There are traditional waterfall and iterative prototyping methodologies for developing DSS. Effective project management is important for success given the high failure rates of many systems projects. Tools like CASE can help manage the development process.

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    Decision Support Systems Development

    Uploaded by

    Dr Rushen Singh
    243 views52 pages
    DSS development involves many issues including system development lifecycles, prototyping approaches, team formation, and technical and behavioral challenges. There are traditional waterfall and iterative prototyping methodologies for developing DSS. Effective project management is important for success given the high failure rates of many systems projects. Tools like CASE can help manage the development process.

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    DSS development involves many issues including system development lifecycles, prototyping approaches, team formation, and technical and behavioral challenges. There are traditional waterfall and iterative prototyping methodologies for developing DSS. Effective project management is important for success given the high failure rates of many systems projects. Tools like CASE can help manage the development process.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    243 views52 pages

    Decision Support Systems Development

    Uploaded by

    Dr Rushen Singh
    DSS development involves many issues including system development lifecycles, prototyping approaches, team formation, and technical and behavioral challenges. There are traditional waterfall and iterative prototyping methodologies for developing DSS. Effective project management is important for success given the high failure rates of many systems projects. Tools like CASE can help manage the development process.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 52
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    The document discusses various topics related to management and organization over multiple pages in detail.

    The main topics discussed include strategies, processes, leadership, planning and analysis.

    The information is organized into sections with each new page focusing on a sub-topic or providing additional details on the main topic of the preceding page.

    CHAPTER 6

    Decision Support Systems Development

    Decision Support System Development

    How to develop a DSS DSS must usually be custom tailored

    System Development Issues


          

    System development life cycle (SDLC) Prototyping Forming the development team Complex process Technical issues Behavioral issues Different approaches

    Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) (Waterfall)


    Need

    Planning Analysis Design Implementation

    System

    Fundamental SDLC Phases


       

    Planning Analysis Design Implementation Steps and deliverables follow

    Planning
    Why Build the System?

    Minor Step 1. Identify business value 2. Analyze feasibility 3. Develop work plan 4. Staff project 5. Control and direct project

    Deliverable System request Feasibility study Work plan Staffing plan, Project charter Project management tools CASE tool Standards list Project binders / files Risk assessment
    7

    Analysis
    Who, What, When, Where?
    Minor Step 6. Analyze problem 7. Gather information 8. Model process(es) Deliverable Analysis plan Information Process model

    9. Model data

    Data model

    Design
    How Will the System Work?

    Minor Step 10. Design physical system 11. Design architecture

    Deliverable Design plan Architecture design, Infrastructure design Interface design Data storage design Program design
    9

    12. Design interface 13. Design database and files 14. Design program(s)

    Implementation
    System Delivery

    Minor Step 15. Construction

    Deliverable Test plan, Programs, Documentation Conversion plan, Training plan

    16. Installation

    10

    11

    Common Implementation Headaches (DSS in Focus 6.4)


           

    No project team or management support Hazy purpose; no defined schedule; ballooning scope Unclear aspects of make vs. buy decisions Few project integrations are functional out of the box Qualitative benefits No user buy in Poor project management skills No accountability / no responsibility

    12

    CASE Tools
       

    Information systems for systems analysts Can help manage system development Upper CASE (assists in analysis) Lower CASE (manages diagrams and code generation) Integrated CASE (both)

    13

    CASE Tools
           

    Oracle Enterprise Development Suite Rational Rose Paradigm Plus Visible Analyst Logic Works Suite AxiomSys and AxiomDsn V32 & X32 Visual Studio
    14

    Visible Analyst
    Courtesy of Visible System Corporation (Figure 6.2)

    15

    Project Management (PM)


    Team leader must have good PM skills Major reason for IS development failures-bad PM skills Only 26% of all projects surveyed (23,000) in 1998 succeeded 28% failed, 46% challenged Lower success rates for large companies Better PM skills needed
    16

     

      

    Skills for Project Managers


        

    Technology and business knowledge Judgment Negotiation Good communication Organization

    17

    Implementation Failures (DW Example)


      

    No user involvement No clear objectives stated early No real executive sponsorship More in DSS in Focus 6.5

    18

    19

    Alternative Development Methodologies


     

    Parallel development Rapid application development (RAD) methodologies


      

    Phased development Prototyping Throwaway prototyping

    20

    Parallel Development
    

     

    Multiple copies of design and implementation phases To develop separate subsystems All come together in a single implementation phase

    21

    Phased Development
    

       

    Break system up into versions developed sequentially Each version has more functionality Evolves into a final system Users gain functionality quickly But initial systems are incomplete

    22

    Prototyping
    

     

    Performing analysis, design, and implementation phases concurrently, and repeatedly Users see system functionality quickly and provide feedback Decision maker learns about problem But can lose gains in repetition

    23

    Prototyping (Figure 6.3)


    Need Planning Analysis Design Implementation Prototype Prototype Not OK Prototype OK System

    24

    Throwaway Prototyping
      

     

    Like prototyping and SDLC Analysis phase is thorough Design prototypes assist in understanding the system Example: can use Excel, then Visual Basic (Figure 6.4)

    25

    Throwaway Prototyping (Figure 6.4)


    Need Planning Analysis Design Design Prototype Not OK Design Implementation System

    Implementation Design Prototype

    26

    Prototyping for DSS Development


    

    Problems are semistructured or unstructured Managers and developers may not completely understand problem Use prototyping
    27

    Prototyping Terms
        

    Iterative design Evolutionary development Middle-out process Adaptive design Incremental design

    28

    Prototyping (Figure 6.3 again)


    Need Planning Analysis Design Implementation Prototype Prototype Not OK Prototype OK System

    29

    Why Prototyping?
    

     

     

    Users and managers involved in every phase and iteration Learning is part of design Prototyping bypasses the information requirement definition (step 7) Short interval between iterations Initial prototype must be low cost

    30

    Advantages of Prototyping
    

    Short development time Short user reaction time Improved user understanding Low cost
    31

    Disadvantages of Prototyping
    

      

    Lack of a thorough understanding ISs benefits and costs- not using SDLC Lack of a detailed description of information needs Lack of an easy to maintain IS design Lack of a well-tested IS Unprepared users- not using SDLC
    32

    DSS Technology Levels and Tools


    

    Three Levels of DSS Technology


      

    Specific DSS [the application] DSS integrated tools (generators) [Excel] DSS primary tools [programming languages] DSS integrated tools

    Plus
    

     

    Now all with Web hooks and easy GUI interfaces Relationships among the three levels (Figure 6.5)

    33

    DSS Technology Levels


    (Figure 6.5)

    Specific DSS DSS Generators (Spreadsheets, )

    DSS Tools (Languages, )


    34

    DSS Development Platforms


          

    General-purpose programming language Fourth-generation language (4GL) OLAP with a data warehouse or large database DSS integrated development tool (generator, engine) Domain-specific DSS generator Use the CASE methodology Integrate several of the above

    35

    Hardware Selection
        

    PCs Unix workstations Network of Unix workstations Web servers Mainframes Typically use existing hardware
    36

    Software Selection
    Complex because
         

    At start, information requirements, etc. are unknown Hundreds of packages Software updated rapidly Price changes Many people involved in decision Language capability problems (More)

    37

        

    Different tools might be needed Many criteria Technical, functional, end-user, and managerial issues Inaccurate published software reviews Might prefer a single vendor Maybe use the AHP!!!

    38

    Team-Developed DSS
      

    Substantial effort Extensive planning and organization Some generic activities Group of people to build and to manage it Size depends on
     

    Effort Tools
    39

    Team-Developed Versus User-Developed DSS


    

    DSS 1970s and early 1980s Large-scale, complex systems Primarily provided organizational support Team efforts

      

    40

    End-User-Developed Systems
             

    Personal computers Computer communication networks PC-mainframe communication Friendly development software Reduced cost of software and hardware Increased capabilities of personal computers Enterprise-wide computing Easy accessibility to data and models Client/server architecture Now OLAP Balance
    41

    Organizational Placement of the DSS Development Group


    1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Information services (IS) department Highly placed executive staff group Finance or other functional area Industrial engineering department Management science group Information center group

    42

    End-user Computing and User-Developed DSS


    

    End-user Computing (end-user development): development and use of computer-based information systems by people outside the formal information systems areas End-users
       

    At any level of the organization In any functional area Levels of computer skill vary Growing

    43

    User-Developed DSS Advantages


    1. Short delivery time 2. Eliminate extensive and formal user requirements specifications 3. Reduce some DSS implementation problems 4. Low cost

    44

    User-Developed DSS Risks


    1. Poor Quality 2. Quality Risks
      

    Substandard or inappropriate tools and facilities Development process risks Data management risks

    3. Increased Security Risks 4. Problems from Lack of Documentation and Maintenance Procedures

    45

    Issues in Reducing EndUser Computing Risks


         

    Error detection Use of auditing techniques Determine the proper amount of controls Investigate the reasons for the errors Solutions Spreadsheet errors
    

    Should use same controls as normal IS

    46

    Developing DSS: Putting the System Together

      

    Development tools and generators Use of highly automated tools Use of prefabricated pieces Both increase the developers productivity

    47

    DSS Development System Includes


         

    Request (query) handler System analysis and design facility Dialog management system Report generator Graphics generator Source code manager (more)

    48

       

      

    Model base management system Knowledge-base (management) system Object-oriented tools Standard statistical and management science tools Special modeling tools Programming languages Document imaging tools
    49

    DSS Development System Components


       

    Some may be integrated into a DSS generator Others may be added as needed Components used to build a new DSS Core of system includes development language or DSS generator Construction by combining programming modules Windows environment handles the interface
    50

    DSS Research Directions and The DSS of the Future


             

    More AI Faster, more powerful computers The Web - interfaces and DB and model access More and better GSS ERM/ERP Knowledge management Better GUI Better telecommunications More research on theories More research on methods

    51

    Summary
           

    DSS are complex and their development can be too SDLC Prototyping DSS technologies DSS teams or individuals End user computing Tool and generator selection can be tricky DSS research continues

    52

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