Orthographic Projections

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1 Planes.
2 Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3 Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
X THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
Click to view Animation

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VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS
HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 90 0 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1st Angle method
TV & FV
For the same G L

Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV . FO
S. V
R R
X Y O F.V
F .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
. FO
S.V
OF
R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R F.V
FO .
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV . FO
S. V
R R
X Y O F.V
F .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
. FO
S.V
OF R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R F.V
FO .
FOR T.V.
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
F.V
. .
S.V
R
FO
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
FO X Y
. R
S.V F.V
R .
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FOR T.V.
FO
. R
S.V
FO
R
F.V
. X Y
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.
X Y
V. FO
S. R
R F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.

.
S.V
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
. FO X Y
S.V R
R F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.
FO
R
F.V
. .
S.V
R X Y
FO
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V.
X Y
FO
. R
. V F.V
S .
OR
F
TOP VIEW
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X Y
S.V.
R
FO
FO
R
F.V
.

FOR T.V.
FO
R
F.V X Y
.
.
S.V
R
FO
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
S. V R
R F.V
FO .

STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T.V.
35
FV
35
10
x y
10 20 30
FO
R 40
F.V
. 70
TV
O
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
. V. FO
S R
OR F.V
F .
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
TV
STUDY
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
. FO
S.V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .
40 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60

30 SQUARE
40 20
50
. FO 20
. V R 10
S F.V X Y
OR .
F 30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
FV
40
X 10 Y
O 45
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
10
O
50
80
TV
FOR T.V.
FV 40
X O 10 Y
100
10
25 FO
TV R
10 30 10 F.V
25 .
30 R O
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20 D
FO
R TV
F.V
.
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
10
25 15
25
40 10
25
. FO
. V R 25
S F.V
OR .
F O O
80 25
F.V. S.V.

FOR T.V.
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV
O
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
FO HEX PART
R
F.V 20
30
.
20
. V. 40
S 20
OR
F O 50
20
15
O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
20 40
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X Y
O
10
30
FO
R
F.V 10
.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
.
FV LSV S.V FO
R R
FO F.V
.
DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
FO
R
F.V
.
30 20 10 20
15
10
15
.
S.V
R O
FO 30
15
15
X Y
50
F.V. LEFT S.V.

Orthographic Projections

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Orthographic Projections

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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

Click to view Animation

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

For the same G L

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

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