GIT4_(2)

LECTURE NO (5)
GIT Physiology
Dr: Asim A. Osman
GASTRIC
FUNCTION
S
Faculty Of Medicine Dept.Of Physiology
STOMACH
J-Shaped pouch receiving
food bolus
:Anatomic Parts 5
Cardia
Fundus
Body
Antrum
Pylorus
 The stomach performs the
following functions:
1. Storage of food.
2. Mixing of food with gastric
juice.
3. Emptying of food into the

STORAGE OF FOOD
• The pressure inside the
stomach does not change as the
volume of stomach contents is
increased from 1/2 liter to 5
liters.
• This means that the stomach
relaxes as it receives food.
• This process called receptive
relaxation.
Receptive relaxation is
caused by two factors:
1. plasticity of the stomach:
it is a passive mechanism.
A property of smooth muscle
fibers is that if it is held in a
state of constant stretch its
tension decreases
 Relaxation usually occurs in the
fundus but not in the pylorus.
2. Vago-Vagal reflex:-
• Distension of the stomach by food
stimulates stretch receptors in
stomach wall causing impulses to
travel in sensory vagal fibers to the
central nervous system (medulla).
• Efferent fibers in the Vagus nerve
supplying the smooth muscle
release VIP, which causes
relaxation
• increasing stomach size.
• Main mechanism
GASTRIC SECRETION
Gastric glands are found mainly in the
fundus and body of the stomach.
• They are tubular glands.
• Each gland contains three types of
cells:
1. Mucous producing cells (neck, cells).
2. Hydrochloric acid secreting cells
(parietal or oxyntic cells).
3. Proteolytic, enzyme secreting cells
(chief or peptic cells)
Gastric juice is formed of
A. Hydrochloric acid:-
• Functions:
1. Break connective tissue and muscle
fibers
2. Activate pepsinogens .
3. Provides an optimum Ph for action
of pepsin.
4. Bactericidal properties destroying a
number of dangerous bacteria.
5. Helps absorption of iron and calcium
Mechanism of secretion
of HCL
Mechanism of secretion
of HCL
CO2 in parietal cell produced as a
result of metabolism and entering
the cell from extracellular fluid
combines with water to form
carbonic acid.
The reaction needs carbonic
anhydrase enzyme, which is
present in large concentration in
parietal cell.
Carbonic acid dissociates into
HCO3 & H+.
HCO3 diffuses into extracellular
fluid along concentration gradient.
 CL- enters cell to maintain
electrical equilibrium.
At the luminal border of the cell
H+ are transported to the
canalicular lumen in exchange for
K+ by active transport.
CL- carried together with K + into
the canaliculus.
 Both H + & CL- are now available
for synthesis of HCL.
During secretion
of HCL large
amount of
bicarbonate ions
enters gastric
venous blood
making it alkaline.
 A process
referred to as
alkaline tide.
(B) Pepsinogens:-
Inactive precursors of pepsins.
Pepsinogens are activated by
HCL and by active pepsin
(Autocatalysis).
 Optimum PH for pepsin is 1.8—
3.5.
 Pepsins hydrolyse proteins into
short chain peptides.
autocatalysis or auto activation
is a positive feed back system.
(C) Gastric lipase:-
 Hydrolyses triacylglycerols.
Optimum PH 4—7.
 Acts mainly on triacylglycerol with

short chain fatty acids e.g. Butric
acid found in butter.
Less important than pancreatic
lipase.
( D) Intrinsic factor:-
 Secreted by parietal cells.
 Glycoprotein.
 Combines with vitamin B12 to
protect it through its passage in
the small intestine.
 helps absorption of the vitamin at
the distal ileum.
 Deficiency of vitamin B12 causes
megaloplastic anaemia.
In these cases the vitamin should
be given in an injectable form.
(E) Mucous:-
Secreted by mucous neck
cells.
Its main function is protection
of stomach wall against acid
and enzyme.
The stomach wall is protected by
(1) Mucous:-
Production of mucous is stimulated
by:
A.Vagus nerve
B.Direct touch of gastric contents to
stomach mucosa.
 Forms a layer of about 5—200
micrometers on top of epithelium.
Cannot be digested by HCL or pepsin.
 Forms a strong barrier against their
entry to reach the epithelium.
(2)Bicarbonate:-
 Secreted in exchange for
chloride within the mucous
layer making the PH to be
neutral 7.
The PH in the lumen is very
acidic.
 So even if small amounts of
pepsin entered into mucous
(3) Prostaglandin:-
Secreted by stomach
mucosa enhances
bicarbonate secretion.
(4) Phospholipid layer of cell

membrane:-
The parietal cell has 3 types
of receptors:-
1. Muscarinic receptors for

Ach.
2. Gastrin hormone
receptors.
When these agents bind
their receptor:-
 ↑ intracellular Calcium
 Which is needed for the
hydrogen -potassium pump
H2 receptors
 Stimulate formation of
cyclic AMP that is important
for the co-transport of
CONTROL OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Control of HCL secretion

occur in three phases:-
1.Cephalic phase: when food
is present above the stomach.
2.Gastric phase: when food is
present at the level of the
stomach.
3.Intestinal phase: when food
is present in the intestine.
CEPHALIC PHASE
 Stimuli: sight of food, smell of food,
thinking about food, taste ,
swallowing.
• Impulses from all these stimuli affect
the vagal nucleus in the medulla.
 Efferent impulses in Vagus nerve
acts :-
1. directly in parietal cell to cause acid
secretion.
2. on G cells stimulating Gastrin
hormone secretion which also
stimulates parietal cells.
 Both nervous and
hormonal factors are
involved.
About 20% of gastric juice
is produced during the
cephalic phase.
GASTRIC PHASE
 70% of gastric juice is
secreted.
The major stimulus in this
phase is distension of the
stomach by food.
This stimulates stretch
receptors in stomach wall
causing sensory impulses to
travel in sensory vagal fibers
to reach vagal nucleus in
• Protein digestive products and
ethanol stimulate G cells to secrete
Gastrin hormone, which↑ HCL
secretion.
• Such substances are known as
secretagoges.
INESTINAL PHASE
10% of HCL is secreted.

In the wall of the duodenum there
are a large number of scattered
endocrine cells that secrete:
 Gastrin: which stimulates parietal
cells to secrete HCL.
 Cholecystokinin (CCK):
 has structural similarity to gastrin
and therefore in small doses can
stimulate gastrin receptors.
INHIBTION OF GASTRIC SECRETION
CEPHALIC PHASE :
• Gastric acid secretion is inhibited
by emotional stimuli (fear and
depression).
• Under these circumstances the
stomach looks pale as it is
receiving little blood supply.
• The stomach receives nearly 25%
of the COP when it is actively
secreting acid.
GASTRIC PHASE
When the PH of the stomach is ↓
below 2.5.
The very low PH stimulates D
cells in stomach wall to secrete
Somatostatin.
 which inhibits G cells to secrete
Gastrin.
This negative feed back system
guarding against excessive
secretion of HCL.
INTESTINA PHASE
• duodenal cells secrete
hormones some of which
inhibit acid secretion such
as:
 Gastric inhibitory peptide
(GIP).
 Somatostatin.
• These are referred to as
.Gastrectomy
• Effect of Gastrectomy:-
1. Lack of Intrinsic Factor lead
to pernicious anemia
2. Calcium deficiency (leads to
hypocalcaemia)
3. Iron deficiency anemia.
4. Stomach more susceptible
to infection due to lack of
acid
5. Rapid movements to small
Any
question

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LECTURE NO (5)

2. Mixing of food with gastric

3. Emptying of food into the

 Acts mainly on triacylglycerol with

(4) Phospholipid layer of cell

1. Muscarinic receptors for

Control of HCL secretion

10% of HCL is secreted.

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