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    DNA Genes and Chromosomes(1)

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    Saranya Sathiamoorthi

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    DNA Genes and Chromosomes(1)

    Uploaded by

    Saranya Sathiamoorthi
    1 views33 pages

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    1 views33 pages

    DNA Genes and Chromosomes(1)

    Uploaded by

    Saranya Sathiamoorthi

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    Unit 7 Genes and inheritance

    The Instructions for Life


    Chromosomes
    ■ Chromosomes are thread like structures
    (coiled) present in the nucleus.
    ■ It is made up of DNA and proteins
    ■ Chromosomes are visible during cell
    division.
    ■ Each species has its own characteristic
    number of chromosomes.
    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwwcWqL5hhI
    Chromosomes
    ■ Chromosomes are the form DNA becomes
    in the nucleus when the cell is preparing to
    divide.
    ■ Humans have 46 chromosomes.
    ■ One set of 23 chromosomes from mom.
    ■ One set of 23
    chromosomes from dad.
    Types of Chromosomes:
    ■ Autosomes: Body chromosomes or non
    sex chromosomes (humans have 44 or
    22 pairs)
    ■ Sex Chromosomes: XX or XY (23rd
    pair for humans) determines the sex of
    the offspring
    Each species has a specific number of
    chromosomes.

    Diploid (2n) : two sets of chromosomes


    ■ Found in all the non-sex cells or autosomes
    of an organism's body

    Haploid (n) one set of chromosomes.


    ■ Only sperm and egg cells(sex cells) have
    the haploid number.
    ■ Like many species of animals and plants,
    humans are diploid (2n), meaning that most
    of their chromosomes come in matched sets
    known as homologous pairs.
    The chromosomes diagrammed below are
    arranged in a karyotype, the 46
    chromosomes have been arranged in
    homologous pairs.
    Chromatid

    ■ A sister chromatid refers to the identical


    copies (chromatids) formed by the DNA
    replication of a chromosome, with both
    copies joined together by a common
    centromere
    ■ Chromatids are made when new cells are
    going to be made.
    DNA
    ■ DNA stands for deoxyribose nucleic acid.
    ■ This chemical substance is present in the
    nucleus of all cells in all living organisms.
    Gene
    ■ The basic unit of heredity passed from parent
    to child.
    ■ Genes are made up of sequences of DNA at
    specific locations on chromosomes A single
    molecule of DNA has thousands of genes.
    ■ Genes determine an organism’s
    characteristics.
    ■ Remember:
    DNA to RNA to Protein
    GAMETES
    ■A gamete is a reproductive cell of an
    animal or plant.
    ■In animals, female gametes are called ova
    or egg cells, and male gametes are called
    sperm.
    ■Ova and sperm are haploid cells, with each
    cell carrying only one copy of each
    chromosome
    ❖ In every species, there is variation among individual
    organisms.
    ❖ Some of the variation is caused by differences in their
    genes
    ❖ Some individuals have features that make it more likely
    that they will survive than the individuals that do not
    have features
    ❖ The individuals with these advantageous features are
    therefore more likely to reproduce and pass on their
    genes that produce the advantageous features to their
    offspring.
    ❖ Over many generations, the genes that produce these
    advantageous features get a little bit more common
    and the genes that are not so useful get a little bit less
    common.

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