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    CHAPTER 4 UNIFORM FLOW (1)

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    HYDRAULICS

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    CHAPTER 4 UNIFORM FLOW (1)

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    225443
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    HYDRAULICS

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    HYDRAULICS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    0 views19 pages

    CHAPTER 4 UNIFORM FLOW (1)

    Uploaded by

    225443
    HYDRAULICS

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    CHAPTER 4

    UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL


    INTRODUCTION
    • An open channel is defined as a channel through which liquid flows
    with free surface (usually at atmospheric pressure).
    • Examples of channels open are rivers, ditches, sewers (sewers) and
    even semi-full pipes.
    • Since the pressure at the surface is constant (atmospheric pressure),
    the flow what occurs is not due to a pressure difference, but due to a
    potential energy difference generated from the base gradient of the
    channel’s.
    • In the most cases, the liquid is taken as water.
    UNIFORM FLOW
    • Uniform flow in an open channel is when the mean velocity is at one
    cross-section with the rest unchanged. It means that the cross-
    sectional area and depth on any part are the same. (the syllabus only
    touches on channels for uniform flow only).

    Fixed depth
    HYDRAULIC GRADIENT, WETTED PARAMETER
    AND HYDRAULIC MEAN DEPTH
    • Hydraulic Gradient, s
    Hydraulic gradient is the slope at the bottom or base of the channel.
    Movement of fluid flow is also influences by the hydraulic gradient.
    • Wetted perimeter, P
    The wetted perimeter (P ) is the length of the line of intersection of the
    channel wetted surface with the cross section of the flow normal to the
    direction of the plane.
    P = b + 2d
    • Hydraulic mean depth (m)
    Ratio of flow cross sectional area (A) and wetted perimeter (P)
    Hydraulic mean depth, m = A/P
    A=BxD
    P = B + 2D
    M = A/P
    EXERCISE
    MANNING FORMULA
    • One of the most commonly used equations governing Open Channel
    Flow.
    • Introduced by the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889 as an
    alternative to the Chezy Equation.
    • The manning equations is an empirical equation that applies to uniform
    flow in open channels and is a function of the channel velocity, flow
    area and channel slope.
    • Mean velocity

    • Discharge
    V = velocity (m/s)
    M = Hydraulic mean depth (m)
    s @ i = Bed of slope
    Q = Discharge (m3/s)
    A = Cross-sectional area (m2)
    • Manning roughness coefficient value are used in the Manning’s
    formula for calculation in open channel flow.
    • Coefficient for some common used surface materials can be found in
    the table below.
    Surface Material Manning Coefficient

    Smooth cement plater or planned wood 0.010


    Concrete or unplanned wood 0.012
    Brick or rubble stone 0.017
    Earth – good surface 0.020
    Earth – ordinary surface 0.025
    Earth – rough surface 0.030
    EXERCISE
    Water flowing with a flow rate of 0.1 m3/s through a half full sewer.
    Calculate the slope of the culvert if the manning coefficient of
    roughness is 0.013. [1/1430]
    Find the bed slope of trapezoidal channel take
    manning coefficient n = 0.0158, Q = 45 m3/s

    Find the discharge of trapezoidal channel take Find the discharge of trapezoidal channel take
    manning coefficient n = 0.04, v = 3 m/s, bed slope manning coefficient n = 0.04,, bed slope 1 in 1600.
    1 in 2500.
    MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION OF
    CHANNELS
    Area of flow, A = bd
    Wetted parameter = b + 2d

    Economical area, b = 2d

    Therefore, A = 2d2

    m = 0.5 d
    Area of flow
    A = d (b + zd)
    b = A/d – zd
    Wetted parameter
    P = b + 2d
    = b + 2d √(1 + z2)
    m = 0.5 d
    The most economical trapezoidal
    section
    b + 2zd = 2d √ (1 + z2)
    A trapezoidal channel has side slope 2 vertical to 3
    horizontal. It is discharging water at the rate of 20 m3/s

    EXAMPLE
    with a bed slope 1 in 1200. Design the channel for its best
    form. Use Manning’s formula, taking n = 0.014

    b + 2zd = 2d √ (1 + z2)

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