Static Electricity

Dr. Tooba Asif, PT

Lecturer
DPT (RIU), MS-OMPT (RIU)
Certified Kinesio Taping Practitioner (CKTP, USA)
Certified Dry Needling Practitioner (CDNP, UK)
Capacitors
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Introduction:

 Capacitor is one of most commonly used

component in electronic circuit design.
 It consists of two metal plates separated by a non
conducting substance, or dielectric.
 A capacitor stores an electrical charge between the
two plates, The unit of capacitance is Farads (F).
 Capacitors(Condenser)

• A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a two-

terminal electrical component used to store energy
in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors
vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical
conductors separated by a dielectric(insulator); for
example, one common construction consists of metal
foils separated A thin layer of insulating film.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Some Common Disc Capacitors

Are
 The Capacitor has two electrode plates inside
separated by a dielectric material such as paper,
mica.
 What happens when the electrodes of the
capacitor are connected to a power supply?
 The capacitor charges to its full voltage and
retains the charge.
• Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common
electrical devices.
• When there is a potential difference(voltage) across the conductors,
a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive
charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other
plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance ,measured in
farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to
the potential difference between them.
CONSTRUCTION
• Units:
• Capacity of a capacitor like that of conductor is
measured in Farads. One farad is the capacity of a
capacitor which is charged to a potential difference
of one volt by one coulomb of electricity. The
practical unit is micro-farad.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

 The capacitor has the ability to store current

which is measured in terms of Farads.

 The capacitance of a capacitor depends on the

area of its electrode plates and the distance
between them.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Common Types of
Capacitors
1. Film Capacitors
2. Ceramic Capacitors
3. Electrolytic Capacitors
4. Variable Capacitors
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Film
Capacitors
 Film Capacitors comprising of a generally
expansive group of capacitors with the distinction
being in their dielectric properties.

 Film Capacitors are available in almost any value

and voltages as high as 1500 volts.
 There are two types of film capacitors.
 They are radial lead type and axial lead type.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Film
Capacitors

 The electrodes of film capacitors may be

metalized aluminium or zinc.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Film
Capacitors
 These are metalized film capacitors.
 Film capacitors additionally arrive in a combination
of shapes and case styles.
 Film Capacitors are sometimes called plastic
capacitors.
 It uses polystyrene, polycarbonate or Teflon as their
dielectrics.
 These film sorts need a much thicker dielectric film
to lessen the danger of tears.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Film
Capacitors
The film capacitors are physically larger and more
expensive.
It can be used in AC voltage applications, and they
have much more stable electrical parameters.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Ceramic
Capacitors
 Ceramic capacitors are used in high frequency
circuits such as audio to RF
 Ceramic Capacitors are the best choice for high
frequency compensation in audio circuits.
 These capacitors are also called as disc capacitors.
 Ceramic capacitors are made by coating two sides of
a small porcelain or ceramic disc with silver and are
then stacked together to make a capacitor.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Ceramic
Capacitors

 One can make both low capacitance and high

capacitance in ceramic capacitors.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Ceramic
Capacitors
 It can be made by changing the thickness of the
ceramic disc used.
 They come in values from a few Pico farads to 1
microfarad.
 The voltage range is from a few volts up to many
thousands of volts.
 Ceramics are inexpensive to manufacture and
they come with several dielectric types.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Electrolytic Capacitors

 It is most prevalently used capacitors which

have a wide tolerance capacity.
 Electrolytic capacitors are available with working
voltages up to about 500V.
 There are two types of electrolytic capacitor,
tantalum and aluminium in common.
 Tantalums capacitors have ordinarily better
exhibition, higher value.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Electrolytic Capacitors

 The dielectric properties of tantalum oxide is

much superior to those of aluminium oxide.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Electrolytic Capacitors
 It has an easier leakage current and better
capacitance strength which makes them suitable
for obstructing, decoupling, filtering applications.
 The thickness of the aluminium oxide film and
gives the capacitors exceptionally elevated
capacitance values for their size.
 In a capacitor the foil plates are anodized by a dc
current thus setting of the extremity of plate
material and confirming polarity of its side.
 LEAKAGE CURRENT
• In electronics, leakage may refer to a gradual loss of energy from a charged capacitor
.
• It is primarily caused by electronic devices attached to the capacitors, such as
transistors or diodes, which conduct a small amount of current even when they are
turned off.
• Even though this off current is an order of magnitude less than the current through
the device when it is on, the current still slowly discharges the capacitor.
• Another contributor to leakage from a capacitor is from the undesired imperfection
of some dielectric materials used in capacitors, also known as dielectric leakage. It is
a result of the dielectric material not being a perfect insulator and having some non-
zero conductivity, allowing a leakage current to flow, slowly discharging the
capacitor.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Variable
Capacitors
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Variable
Capacitors
 A Variable Capacitor is one whose capacitance
may be intentionally and repeatedly changed
mechanically.
 This type of capacitors utilized to set frequency of
resonance in LC circuits.
 To adjust the radio for impedance matching in
antenna tuner devices.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

 Capacitors are the essential components of an

electronic circuit without which the circuit
cannot be completed.
 Different types of capacitors like Electrolytic
capacitor, Disc capacitor, Tantalum capacitor
etc are used in circuits.
 Electrolytic capacitors have value printed on
its body so that its pins can be easily
identified.
 Usually the large pin is positive.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

 If the polarity of the capacitor changes, it will

explode.
 Electrolytic capacitors are mainly used as filters,
buffers.
 Each capacitor has its own capacitance which is
expressed as the Charge in the capacitor divided by
the Voltage.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Advantages

 Long life, with little degradation over hundreds of thousands of cycles.

 Low cost per cycle
 Good reversibility
 Very high rates of charge and discharge.
 Extremely low internal resistance (ESR) and consequent high cycle
efficiency (95% or more) and extremely low heating levels.
 High output power.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Disadvantages
 The amount of energy stored per unit weight is considerably lower than
that of an electrochemical battery.

 As with any capacitor, the voltage varies with the energy stored.

 Has the highest dielectric absorption of any type of capacitor.

 Cells have low voltages – serial connections are needed to obtain higher
voltages.
 Voltage balancing is required if more than three capacitors are connected
in series.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Applications

 Capacitors have applications in both

electrical and electronics.
 They are used in filter applications, energy
storage systems, motor starters and signal
processing devices.
 Capacitors are used for power factor
correction.
 Types Of Capacitors And Their
Applications

Conclusion

 The comparisons between the

different types of capacitors are generally made with
regards to the dielectric used between the plates. Some
capacitors look like tubes, small capacitors are often
constructed from ceramic materials and then dipped into
an epoxy resin to seal them.
 Capacitors in series
Series combination of capacitor
• In series combination the distance between the
plates increases, so the total capacitance is reduced
when the capacitors are connected in series. The net
capacitance is less than the lowest capacitance
present in the series circuit.

CT=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3……..1/Cn
• So the net value is just half of an individual
capacitor. Capacitors are used in series to
provide a higher voltage breakdown.
 Capacitors in parallel
• For Capacitors in a parallel configuration each have the same
applied voltage. Their capacitances add up. Using the
schematic diagram to visualize parallel plates, it is apparent
that each capacitor contributes to the total surface area.
 NET CAPACITANCE
CT=C1+ C2+ C3…….. Cn
•
The equivalent capacitance of two
capacitors connected in parallel is the sum
of the individual capacitances.
CHARGING AND DISCHARGING OF CAPACITORS
 The charge and discharge of a capacitor:

When a Capacitor is connected to a circuit with Direct

Current (DC) source, two processes, which are called
"charging" and "discharging" the Capacitor, will happen
in specific conditions.
When a voltage is placed across the capacitor the
potential cannot rise to the applied value
instantaneously.
• As the charge on the terminals builds upto its final
value it tends to repel the addition of further charge.
• The rate at which a capacitor can be charged
Or discharged depends on:
•The capacitance of the capacitor and
The resistance of the circuit through which it is
being charged or is discharging.
In Figure, the Capacitor is connected to the DC Power
Supply and Current flows through the circuit. Both Plates
get the equal and opposite charges and an increasing
Potential Difference, vc, is created while the Capacitor is
charging. Once the Voltage at the terminals of the
Capacitor, vc, is equal to the Power Supply Voltage, vc = V,
the Capacitor is fully charged and the Current stops
flowing through the circuit, the Charging Phase is over.
 What happens when a
capacitor is charging and discharging?
• Charging
As soon as the switch is closed in position 1
the battery is connected across the capacitor,
current flows and the potential difference
across the capacitor begins to rise but, as
more and more charge builds up on the
capacitor plates, the current and the rate of
rise of potential difference both fall. (See
Figure 3).
• Finally no further current will flow when the p.d.
across the capacitor equals that of the supply voltage
Vo.
The capacitor is then fully charged
 Discharging
• As soon as the switch is put in position 2 a 'large' current
starts to flow and the potential difference across the capacitor
drops. (Figure 4). As charge flows from one plate to the other
through the resistor the charge is neutralised and so the
current falls.
• Eventually the charge on the plates is zero and the
current and potential difference are also zero - the
capacitor is fully discharged. Note that the value of the
resistor does not affect the final potential difference
across the capacitor – only the time that it takes to
reach that value.

The bigger the resistor the longer the time taken.

 How Oscillators Work

• Energy needs to move back and forth from one form to

another for an oscillator to work.
• You can make a very simple oscillator by connecting a
capacitor and an inductor together.
• you know that both capacitors and inductors store
energy. A capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field, while an inductor uses a magnetic field.
• Imagine the following circuit:

• If you charge up the capacitor with a battery and

then insert the inductor into the circuit, here's
what will happen:
• The capacitor will start to discharge through the
inductor. As it does, the inductor will create a
magnetic field.
• Once the capacitor discharges, the inductor will
try to keep the current in the circuit moving, so it
will charge up the other plate of the capacitor.
• Once the inductor's field collapses, the capacitor has
been recharged (but with the opposite polarity), so it
discharges again through the inductor.
• This oscillation will continue until the circuit runs out
of energy due to resistance in the wire. It will
oscillate at a frequency that depends on the size of
the inductor and the capacitor.