POST-DATA PRESENTATION ON

EFFECTS OF FARMERS- HERDSMEN CONFLICTS ON FOOD

SECURITY STATUS OF RURAL HOUSE-HOLD IN IBARAPA ZONE
OYO STATE, NIGERIA

ABDULRAUFF SODIQ AJANI

HND/221598

DEPARTMENT OF AGRIBUSSINESS MANAGEMENT

OYO STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY IGBOORA

SUPERVISOR:
MRS. ADEOYE
 INTRODUCTION
• The issue of food security is of great concern to the
government of Nigeria because it is a means to
ensuring widespread improvements in the well-being
of households and individual welfare, hence the
government emphasis and encourages people going
into agriculture (Okunola, 2016).
• However, the perennial conflicts between herdsmen
and farmers over the ownership control and use of
land and land resources such as grasses and water
constitutes a major obstacle to the path of food
security in the country. Security is the bedrock of
development, as no meaningful agricultural
production (economic) activity can take place in the
midst of feuds and conflicts (Amao et al., 2018).
 Statement of the Problems
• Over the years insecurity has been a major setback
towards economic development of the country and
one of the negative impacts of Fulani herdsmen is
that it endangers lives and properties which tend to
hinder foreign economic relations to jumpstart the
agricultural development.
• The constant farmers-herders clash in Nigeria is not a
new phenomenon, most especially in the Northern
part of the country. However, what it is relatively new
is now the many news headlines about farmers –
herders conflict in the states and region of
Southwest and South Eastern part of the country.
 Research question
• What are the socio-economic characteristics of the
farmers in the study area?
• What is the extent of Farmers- Herdsmen Conflicts
in the study area?
• What are the food security status of the farming
households in the study area ?
• What are the effect of farmers- herdsmen conflicts on
food security status in the study area ?
 Objectives of the study
The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of
Farmers- Herdsmen Conflicts on Food Security Status in Oyo
State, Nigeria.
Specific objective were to;
• Describe socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers in the
study area
• Determine the extent of Farmers- Herdsmen Conflicts in the
study area
• estimate the food security status of the farming households in
the study area
• estimate the effect of farmers- herdsmen conflicts on food
security status in the study area
 Justification
 One of the greatest advantages of practicing livestock pastoralism through
open grazing mass production of organic fertilizer most especially for the
farmers in the developing areas who cannot afford the costly synthetic
fertilisers which has been reported to constitute environmental and health
challenges.
 The production of these manure has several advantages because it enhances
the activities of soil microbial diversity most especially soil beneficial
microorganisms that could serve as a bio stimulants.
 The Herder-Farmer crisis in Nigeria can be understood as a problem of
access to land for economic survival, which as a result has caused economic,
political and environmental tensions in the country, especially in the Middle
Belt and South of Nigeria since the return of democracy in 1999.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
 The Study Area

• The study will be carried out in Ibarapa local government areas, Oyo

state, southwestern Nigeria.

• The population of the study will be farmers

 Sampling Procedure Techniques

• Multistage sampling technique will be use for this study

 Source and method of data collection

• Primary data will be use for this study with interview scheduled to

take care of the illiterate respondents.

 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CNT’D
 Analytical Techniques
• Descriptive Statistics for objective 1
• Descriptive statistics will be used to achieve objectives I .This include averages,
percentages and frequencies table.
• Liker scale: for Objective 2. This includes serious, realy, and not serious
• FGT for Construction and determination of food security line for objective 3
• Probit Model for objective 4
• Y*= X1β + ∑
• For whether this latent variable is positive
• Y= 1 [Y*> 0]=[1 if Y* >0 i.e ∑<X1β otherwise 0]
• Y=Vector of dependent variable [1 for food secure households; 0 for non-food
secure households]
• X= Vector of explanatory variables
• B= Probit co-efficient
• ∑= Random error.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY CNT’D
∑= Random error.
The explanatory variables include in the model are;
X1= farmers- herdsmen conflicts index
X2= Marital status (Dummy)
X3= Level of education (Years)
X4= House hold size (Number)
X5= Occupation
X6= Employment
X7= Cooperative
X8= Years of experience (Years)
X9= Income (N)
X10= Secondary occupation
X11=Age of the household (Years)
 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Socio-Economic Characteristics Frequency Percentage Mean
Local Government
Barapa Central 50 41.67
Ibarapa North 38 31.67
Ibarapa East 32 26.67
Total 120 100.00
Village
Idere 19 15.83
Igangan 12 10.00
Igboora 19 15.83
Iware 16 13.33
Okeola 38 31.67
Opera 16 13.33
Total 120 100.00
Sex
Male 92 76.67
Female 28 23.33
Age
Less than or equal to 30 16 13.33 45
30-60 82 68.33
Greater than 60 22 18.33
Total 120 100.00
Education Level
No Formal 59 49.17
Primary 40 33.33
Secondary 14 11.67
Tertiary 7 5.83
Total 120 100.00
Household Size
Less than 3 23 19.17 5
3-6 74 61.67
Above 6 23 19.17
Total 120 100.00
Marital Status
Single 9 7.50
Married 101 84.17
Widow 10 8.33
Total 120 100.00
•Socio-economic Characteristics of Respondents
•Table 1 reveals the socio-economic characteristics of the 120
respondents from Ibarapa Local Government. 41.67% are from
Ibarapa Central, 31.67% are from Ibarapa North, and 26.67% are
from Ibarapa East, accounting for 100% of the 120 respondents.
•The table further indicates that six villages from Ibarapa were
sampled, with two villages from each local government. It is also
clear that the majority of respondents are male, with 70.67%,
while females account for 23.33%. This reflects the common
saying that males are often considered the head of the household.
•The table also reveals that the majority of respondents, 68.33%,
are between 30-60 years old, 18.33% are above 60 years old, and
13.33% are below 30 years old, with a mean age of 45. This
implies that respondents are still young and active, and can
improve their livelihood if food security measures are put in place.
 Table 2. Extent of farmers-herdsmen damage in the study area

Extent of farmers/herdsmen conflicts Very frequently Frequently Occasionally Never

F (%) F (%) F (%) F(%)
How frequently do conflicts
between farmers and herdsmen 91 75.83 9 7.50 16 13.33 4 3.33
occur in your area?
the common causes of these
conflicts in your area?
Land disputes 3 10.83 15 25.83 75/62.50 14 11.67
Crop damage 46 38.33 32 26.67 34/28.33 8 6.67
Animal destruction 18 15.00 58 48.33 40/33.33 4 3.33
Competition for water resources 39 32.50 22 18.33 41/34.17 18 15.00
Other 41 34.17 21 17.50 15/12.50 43 35.83
How have these conflicts affected
your daily lifestyle?
Increased stress and anxiety 28 23.33 18 15.00 30 25.00 44 36.67
Reduced access to resources 30 25.00 66 55.00 24 20.00 0 0.0
Disruption of daily routines 14 11.67 81 67.50 20 16.67 5 4.17
Increased travel time of costs 66 55.00 24 20.00 22 18.33 8 6.67
How have these conflicts affected your
primary occupation?
Decreased productivity 40 33.33 18 15.00 15 12.50 47 39.17
Increased costs 68 56.67 3 2.50 41 34.17 8 6.67

( for repairs, security)

Reduced income 69 57.50 33 27.50 11 9.17 7 5.83
Forced changes in occupation 91 75.83 17 14.17 7 5.83 5 4.17
 EXTENT OF FARMERS-HERDSMEN DAMAGE IN THE STUDY AREA

•The data presented in table 2 provides valuable insights into the frequency, causes, and effects of
farmers-herdsmen conflicts, highlighting the pervasive impact of these conflicts on affected
communities. Regarding the frequency of conflicts, the findings reveal that a significant majority
of respondents (75.83%) reported that conflicts occur very frequently in their area, underscoring
the persistent nature of these disputes.
•A smaller proportion (7.50%) indicated that conflicts happen frequently, while 13.33% reported
occasional occurrences, and only 3.33% stated that conflicts never occur. This demonstrates that
conflicts between farmers and herdsmen are a pressing issue for the majority of respondents,
disrupting community harmony.
•The analysis of common causes of these conflicts points to several key triggers. Land disputes
were noted by 62.50% of respondents as occasionally causing conflicts, while 10.83% and 25.83%
of respondents identified land disputes as very frequent and frequent causes, respectively.
•Crop damage was another major contributor, with 38.33% of respondents identifying it as a very
frequent cause, 26.67% citing it as frequent, and 28.33% indicating it as occasional. Similarly,
animal destruction emerged as a significant factor, with 15.00% and 48.33% of respondents
attributing it to very frequent and frequent conflicts, respectively.
•Competition for water resources was reported by 32.50% of respondents as a very frequent cause
and by 34.17% as an occasional cause, emphasizing the scarcity of shared resources as a source of
tension. Other causes of conflicts, as indicated by 34.17% of respondents, also play a role,
although 35.83% suggested these causes are never a factor in their communities.
Table 3. Food Security Index

Food security Frequency Percentage

Non- Food secured 68 56.67

Food secured 52 43.33

Total 120 100.00

Determination of food security index

The food security index was measured based on per capital food expenditure.
Food security line of N1845 per month and N22140 per year were estimated.
Farming household that spent less than N22140 were categorized as food
insecure and those that spent above it were categorized as food secure per
year. Table 2 shows that 56.67% of respondent household were Food insecure
while 43.33% were food secured per year
Table 4. Effects of farmer-herdsmen conflict in the study area

Food security coefficient Standard Error. Z P>|Z|

Exposed to conflicts -0.3390315 0.08509 -3.98 0.000***

Sex 0.2261668 0.14628 1.55 0.122

Age 0.0018445 0.00506 0.36 0.715

Education level 0.2917224 0.09955 -2.93 0.003**

Household size -0.3059634 0.06387 -4.79 0.000***

Marital status -0.2138415 0.20406 -1.05 0.295

Secondary occupation 0.0921975 0.05794 -1.59 0.112

Primary income -2.84e-06 0.00000 -2.62 0.009**

Secondary income -1.20e-06 0.00000 -0.94 0.346

Association 0.5585329 0.17942 3.11 0.002**

Credit -0.1367486 0.14804 -0.92 0.356

Years of experience -0.0205744 0.01776 -1.16 0.247

Farm size 0.0909326 0.07294 1.25 0.213

EFFECT OF FARMER-HERDSMEN CONFLICT ON FOOD IN THE
STUDY AREA
•Probit regression analysis was used to examine the food security status of
farming households in the study area. Table 4 revealed that 5 out of the 13
Explanatory variables were significant in the Probit model at various
levels, these were exposed to conflict, household size, education level,
primary income and association while sex, age, marital status, secondary
occupation, years of experience, secondary income, credit and farm size
were not significant but were important to food security status as well.
Exposed to conflict was significant at 1% level of significance and was
negatively related to food security status, this implies that the farmers
won't be able to actively access their farm to produce food and it leads too
food insecurity as the number of exposure increase. Age was positively
related to food security status, this implies that as household grow in age,
the more food secured they become because of the accumulation
knowledge they would have gotten in maximizing their resources and to
secure assets.
 CONCLUSION AND RECCONMENDATION
• Conclusion
In Nigeria, the continuous struggle between sedentary farmers and pastoralist
herdsmen resulted in countless fatalities as well as staggering economic losses
for the nation. Conflicts between the groups continue because the underlying
issues still exist. The dispute is made worse by global climate change, which
also has a negative impact on Nigeria, Immediately upon independence, the
Nigerian state began to experience problems due to the different governance
structures that were left over from the colonial era in the North and South.
• Recommendation
An unstable and fragile state structure was made possible by the political
influence of the local community and religious leaders, and power disparities
between northern and southern protectorates. Conflicts over the use of the
land, which were already an issue, grew worse over the year, due to
inadequate security system.
 REFERENCES
Okunola OO. Fulani herdsmen's pastoral activities, conflict and conflict

management strategies in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo State,

Nigeria. Nig. J. Ani. Sci. 2016 Nov; 1:190-197

Amao O, Adeagbo TA, Olojede MO, Ogunleye BT, Ogundoyin CO. Effects of

Fulani herdsmen conflict onproductivity of arable crop farmers in Ibarapa

Area of Oyo State. Int. J. Res. Soc. Sci. Hum. 2018 Aug;4(7):1-12.

Odoh SI, Chigozie CF. Climate change and conflict in Nigeria: A theoretical and

empirical examination of theworsening incidence of conflict between Fulani

herdsmen and farmers in Northern Nigeria. Arab. J. Bus. Manag.

Rev. 2012 Aug;2(1):110.