03-Overview of C++ (Part 2)

Data Structures
CT077-3-2- DSTR and Version VC1
Overview of C++ (part 2)

Topic Structure
• Data type
• Arrays
• Parameter passing
CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 2

Learning Objective
At the end of this lesson, you would know:

• the simple data types in C++
• how to declare and manipulate data into arrays
• the difference between passing parameters to
functions by value or by reference
• how to pass arrays to functions

Key Terms
• Primitive and structured data type

• 1-D array, 2-D array
• Passing by value
• Passing by reference

C++ Data Type
Data Type
Simple
• A data type is called simple if variables of that type can

store only one value at a time
• Simple types are also called: Primitive or Built-in Types

C++ Data Type
Simple Data Types
Integral
• bool type is not supported by all C++ compilers

• Can add “unsigned” modifier before char, short, int, and
long, so that variables of that type are positive always
(maximum storable number gets doubled)
C++ Data Type
Data Type
Simple
• A structured data type is one in which each data item is a

collection of other data items
• Very similar to classes, but should be thought of as not
having methods (just data grouping)

Arrays
• Array: a collection of a fixed number of

components wherein all of the components have
the same data type
• In a one-dimensional array, the components are
arranged in a list form
• Syntax for declaring a one-dimensional array:

Arrays
• Example:
int num[5];
//this is a static array
• In Java:
int [ ] arr; //declares array & creates reference only
arr = new int [ 5 ] ; //creates the actual array

Accessing Array Components
• General syntax:
where indexExp, called an index, is any

expression whose value is a nonnegative integer
• Index value specifies the position of the
component in the array (called random access)
• The array index always starts at 0

• Example:
list [3] = 10;
list [6] = 35;
list [5] = list [3] + list
[6];
• In memory, array elements

are reserved adjacent to
each other in order to
guarantee fast random
access to any element
Array Initialization
• Arrays can be initialized during declaration

– In this case, it is not necessary to specify the
size of the array
• Size determined by the number of initial
values in the braces
• Example:
double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68};

Array Initialization
• The statement:
int list[10] = {0};
declares list to be an array of 10 components
and initializes all of them to zero
• The statement:
int list[10] = {8, 5, 12};
declares list to be an array of 10 components,
initializes list[0] to 8, list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12 and
all other components are initialized to 0

Some Restrictions on Array
Processing
• Consider the following statements:
• C++ does not allow aggregate operations on an

array:
• Solution:

Some Restrictions on Array
Processing
• The following is illegal too:
• Solution:
• The following statements are legal, but do not

give the desired results This doesn’t print all elements of the array.
It prints the memory address of the first
element (also called base address)
This doesn’t compare all elements of

both arrays, but compares the memory
base addresses of the two arrays
Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Two-dimensional array: collection of a fixed

number of components (of the same type)
arranged in two dimensions
– Sometimes called matrices or tables
• Declaration syntax:
where intexp1 and intexp2 specify the number of

rows and the number of columns, respectively in
the array
Two-Dimensional Arrays
• Example:
double sales [10][5];

• Syntax:
where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are expressions

yielding nonnegative integer values, and specify
the row and column position
• 2D arrays are also specially arranged in memory

as adjacent rows, so that fast random access to
any element (any row, any column) is guaranteed
• Example:
sales [5][3] = 25.75;

Two-Dimensional Array
Initialization
• Two-dimensional arrays can be initialized when
they are declared:
– Elements of each row are enclosed within

braces and separated by commas
– All rows are enclosed within braces
– For number arrays, if all components of a row
aren’t specified, unspecified ones are set to 0
Passing Parameters to Functions
• Value parameter: the formal parameter receives

a copy of the content of corresponding actual
parameter
• Reference parameter: the formal parameter

receives the location (memory address) of the
corresponding actual parameter
– Syntax: put & mark before parameter name

Example Program
void grow(int& x) {
x= x+ 1;
cout << "grow age is " << x<< endl;
}
int main() {
int age = 20;
cout << "main age is " << age << endl;
grow(age);
cout << "main age is " << age << endl;
return 0;
}
Example Program - 2
void inc (int x) { void dec (int & x) {

x++; x--;
} }
void main() {
int value= 20;
inc (value);
cout << "value is " << value << endl;
dec (value);
cout << "value is " << value << endl;
}
Example Program - 3

Example Program - 3

Example Program 3 - Output
Execute program 3 and

check the output

Summary - Passing Parameters
• Value parameter:
– During program execution, manipulating value parameter
changes its data copy (stored in its own memory space)
– The actual parameter stays intact
• Reference parameter:
– Received address leads to memory space of the
corresponding actual parameter
– Changing reference parameter affects the actual
parameter

Reference Parameters
• Reference parameters are useful in three main

situations:
– You want to change the actual parameter
– No easy way to return more than one value
from a function, so you pass more reference
parameters
– When passing the address would save
memory space and time (no copying)

Arrays as Parameters to Functions
• Arrays are passed by reference, always

• The symbol & is NOT used when declaring an
array as a formal parameter
• The size of the array is usually omitted
– If provided, it is ignored by the compiler
– Unlike Java, array size must be passed-in to the

function by some means (parameter, etc.)
Array Number
1 2 3 4 5
10 9 8 7 6
11 12 13 14 15
20 19 18 17 16

Homework
• Implement examples given in the lecture
• Write a: void swap (int , int) function which

swaps the values of its two given
parameters

Summary of main teaching
• Data type
• Arrays
• Parameter passing

What we will cover next
Overview of C++
• Pointers
• Passing parameters to functions using pointers
• Dynamic Memory Allocation
Very Important Topics

- not to be missed out -

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Data Structures

CT077-3-2- DSTR and Version VC1

Overview of C++ (part 2)

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 2

At the end of this lesson, you would know:

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 3

• Primitive and structured data type

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 4

• A data type is called simple if variables of that type can

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 5

• bool type is not supported by all C++ compilers

• A structured data type is one in which each data item is a

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 7

• Array: a collection of a fixed number of

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 8

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 9

where indexExp, called an index, is any

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 10

• In memory, array elements

• Arrays can be initialized during declaration

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 12

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 13

• C++ does not allow aggregate operations on an

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 14

• The following statements are legal, but do not

This doesn’t compare all elements of

• Two-dimensional array: collection of a fixed

where intexp1 and intexp2 specify the number of

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 17

where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are expressions

• 2D arrays are also specially arranged in memory

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 19

– Elements of each row are enclosed within

• Value parameter: the formal parameter receives

• Reference parameter: the formal parameter

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 21

void inc (int x) { void dec (int & x) {

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 24

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 25

Execute program 3 and

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 26

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 27

• Reference parameters are useful in three main

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 28

• Arrays are passed by reference, always

– Unlike Java, array size must be passed-in to the

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 30

• Implement examples given in the lecture

• Write a: void swap (int , int) function which

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 31

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 32

Very Important Topics

CT077-3-2-DSTR Data Structures 34

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