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    8_Programming with MATLAB[1]

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    Ertan Akçay

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    8_Programming with MATLAB[1]

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    1 views22 pages

    8_Programming with MATLAB[1]

    Uploaded by

    Ertan Akçay

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    PROGRAMMING WITH MATLAB

    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

    ANKARA UNIVERSITY
    DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

    ◾ Consider the two equations ax + by = c and dx + ey = f.


    ◾ These equations represent two lines in the xy-plane.
    ◾ The simultaneous solution of these two equations (i.e. those points (x,y) that
    satisfy both equations) is the intersection of the two lines.

    2
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

    For example,
    The equations
    6x – 10y = 2
    3x – 4y = 5
    have graphs that intersect at the
    solution: y = 4, x = 7.

    3
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

    Another Example:
    3x - 4y = 5
    6x - 8y = 3
    It has no solution.
    The graphs of these two equations are distinct
    but parallel.
    They do not intersect  No solution exists.

    4
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
    ◾ For 2 Equations and 2 Unknowns, the solution is the intersection of the two lines.
    ◾ For 3 Equations and 3 Unknowns, the solution is the intersection of three planes.

    5
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
    ◾ Consider the following set of homogeneous equations (which means that their
    right sides are all zero)
    6x + ay = 0
    2x + 4y = 0
    where a is a parameter. Multiply the second equation by 3 and subtract the result
    from the first equation to obtain
    (a - 12)y = 0
    ◾ The solution is y = 0 only if a ≠ 12.
    ◾ If a = 12, there is an infinite number of solutions for x and y, where x = -2y. 6
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS
    ◾ It is often convenient to represent a system of equations as a matrix equation.
    ◾ Matrix notation enables us to represent multiple equations as a single matrix equation.
    ◾ Consider the system of equations:
    2x1 + 9x2 = 5
    3x1 - 4x2 = 7
    ◾ This set can be expressed in vector-matrix form as
    2 x1 
    5
    9 x2 7
    3 4
    which can be represented in the following compact form

    Ax = b 7
    LINEAR ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

    ◾ For square systems of equations (i.e. the number of equations and the unknowns
    are equal), the most powerful tool to determine the number of solutions the system
    has is determinant:
    ◾ For the equation set Ax = b,
    ◾ if |A| = 0, then there is no unique solution.
    ◾ A n x n nonhomogeneous system of linear equations has a unique solution if and
    only if its determinant is non-zero (det(A) command).

    8
    𝑎𝑥+𝑏𝑦
    The simplest form of two equations:

    𝑑𝑥+𝑒𝑦
    =𝑐

    =𝑓
    Write in vector-matrix form:

    Solve for solution vector 𝑧 by multiplying both sides by 𝐴−1 (Inverse of A


    (Matrix)) :

    9
    MATLAB:
    ◾ The MATLAB command inv(A) computes the inverse of the matrix A. The
    following MATLAB session solves the following equations using MATLAB.
    2x + 9y = 5
    3x - 4y = 7
    >>A = [2,9;3,-4];b = [5;7]
    >>x = inv(A)*b OR

    x = >> x = A\b
    x =
    2.3714 2.3714
    0.0286
    0.0286
    ◾ If you attempt to solve for an A matrix whose determinant is zero, the inv command 10

    in
    EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTIONS
    ◾ The set Ax = b with m equations and n unknowns has solutions if and only

    if rank[A] = rank[A b]
    ◾ If rank[A] ≠ rank[A b], a Unique Solution Does Not Exist
    ◾ If rank[A] = rank[A b] = Number of Unknowns, a Unique Solution Exists
    ◾ If rank[A] = rank[A b] but rank[A] ≠ Number of an Infinite Number of Solutions
    Unknowns, Exist

    11
    WHAT IS RANK?
    Find the rank of the given
    matrix.

    Now, we transform matrix A to echelon form by using elementary


    transformation.
    R2 → R2 –
    2R1 R3 → R3
    – 3R1

    R3 → R3 –
    R2

    12
    Number of non-zero rows = 2
    Hence, the rank of matrix A =
    EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTIONS

    % One Unique Solution:


    % x-y = -1, 3x+y = 9
    A = [1 -1; 3 1];
    B = [-1; 9];
    AB = [A B];
    rank_A = rank(A);
    rank_AB = rank(AB);
    Det_A = det(A);
    Inv_A = inv(A);
    z = Inv_A*B
    13
    UNDER-DETERMINED SYSTEMS

    ◾ An under-determined system does not contain enough information to solve for


    all of the unknown variables.

    14

    Solve Under-Determined Systems using Pseudo-Inverse pinv


    UNDER-DETERMINED SYSTEMS

    % pseudo inverse: Used When There are More Unknowns than


    Equations
    % x+3y-5z = 7, -8x-10y+4z = 28
    A = [1 3 -5; -8 -10 4];
    B = [7; 28];
    AB = [A B];
    rank_A = rank(A);
    rank_AB = rank(AB);
    z= pinv(A)*B

    15
    OVER-DETERMINED SYSTEMS

    ◾ More Independent Equations than Unknowns.


    ◾ For such a system the matrix inverse method will not
    work because the A matrix is not square.
    ◾ However, some overdetermined systems have exact
    solutions, and they can be obtained with the left division
    method x = A\b.
    ◾ If rank[A] = rank[A b], A Unique Solution Exists: Use
    Left Division Method to find the Solution: z = A\B
    ◾ If rank[A] ≠ rank[A b], No Solution Exists: The Left
    Division Method gives a Least-Squares Solution, NOT
    16
    an Exact Solution.
    OVER-DETERMINED SYSTEMS

    % Over-Determined System:
    % 4x+3y = 7; x-2y = -1; 3x+5y = 8
    A = [4 3; 1 -2; 3 5];
    B = [7; -1; 8];
    AB = [A B];
    rank_A = rank(A)
    rank_AB = rank(AB)
    z= A\B

    17
    OVER-DETERMINED SYSTEMS

    % Over-Determined System:
    % 4x+3y = 6; x-2y = -1; 3x+5y = 8
    A = [4 3; 1 -2; 3 5];
    B = [6; -1; 8];
    AB = [A B];
    rank_A = rank(A)
    rank_AB = rank(AB)
    z= A\B

    18
    EXAMPLE #1
    ◾ Consider the following 2 x 2 system of equations:

    𝑥1 + 2𝑥2 = 3
    𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 = 3
    Find the intersect point.
    Let's write these equations in the form y = mx + b.
    𝑦 = −0.5𝑥 + 1.5
    𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 − 1.5
    We can plot these straight-line equations in MATLAB:
    x = -5:5;
    y1 = -0.5*x + 1.5; The intersection of the lines is the point
    (3,0) 19

    y2 = 0.5*x - 1.5;
    plot(x, y1, x, y2)
    Alternative way to solve Example #1:

    Write this system of equations in matrix form: A x =


    b
    1 x1 
    3
    2 x2 3
    1 -
    2

    A = [1,2;1,-2];
    b = [3;3];
    x = inv(A)*b
    x =

    3
    0

    20
    EXAMPLE #2
    ◾ Consider the following 2 x 2 system of equations:
    y1 = (6 - 4x) / 5
    y2 = (14 - 4x) / 5
    Find x.

    21
    EXAMPLE #3

    y1 = (-4x + 6)/5;
    y2 = (3x -14)/2;
    y3 = 7x - 25;
    Find x.

    22

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