Polynomial

Polynomials
Class
Class -- 10th
10th
Prime Paathshala
+91-8989815785

Table of contents
Introduction to polynomials
 Polynomial classifications
 Degrees of a polynomial
 Terms of a polynomial
 Types of polynomials
 Graphical representation of equations
 Zeroes of a polynomial
 Graphical meaning of zeroes of polynomial
 Number of zeroes
 Factorization of polynomials
 Relations between zeroes and coefficient of a
polynomial
 Zeroes of a polynomial examples
 Division algorithm
 Algebraic identities
Introduction
Introduction to
to
Polynomials
Polynomials
The word polynomial is derived from the Greek words
‘poly’ means ‘many‘ and ‘nominal’ means ‘terms‘, so
altogether it said “many terms”. A polynomial can
have any number of terms but not infinite. It is
defined as an expression which is composed of
variables, constants and exponents, that are
combined using the mathematical operations such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Polynomials are algebraic expressions that consist of

variables and coefficients. Variables are also
sometimes called indeterminates. For example: x²+x-
12.
Polynomial
Classifications
Based on the numbers of terms
present in the expression, it is
classified as monomial, binomial, and
trinomial. Examples of constants,
variables and
Constants. exponents
Example: 1, 2, 3,are as
etc.
Constants. Example: 1, 2, 3, etc.
Variables. followsg,
Variables. Example:
Example: g, h,
h, x,
x, y,
y, etc.
etc.
Exponents:
Exponents: Example:
Example: 55 in
in x5
x5 etc.
etc.
The polynomial function is denoted by P(x) where x represents the
variable. For example, P(x) = x²+5x+11
If the variable is denoted by a, then the function will be P(a)
Degree
Degree of
of a
a polynomial
polynomial
The degree of a polynomial is defined as the highest degree of a monomial
within a polynomial. Thus, a polynomial equation having one variable which
has the largest exponent is called a degree of the polynomial.
Example: Find the degree of the

polynomial 6s4+ 3x2+ 5x +19
Solution: The degree of the

polynomial is 4.
TERMS
TERMS OF
OF POLYNOMIAL
POLYNOMIAL
The terms of polynomials are the parts of the

equation which are generally separated by
“+” or “-” signs. So, each part of a polynomial
in an equation is a term. For example, in a
polynomial, say, 2x2 + 5 +4, the number of
terms will be 3. The classification of a
polynomial is done based on the number of
terms in it.
TYPES
TYPES OF
OF POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIALS
Polynomials are of 3 different types and are classified
based on the number of terms in it. The three types of
polynomials are:
Monomial
Binomial
Trinomial
These polynomials can be combined using addition, subtraction,

multiplication, and division but is never division by a variable. A few
examples of Non Polynomials are: 1/x+2, x-3
TYPES
TYPES OF
OF POLYNOMIALS
POLYNOMIALS
GRAPHICAL
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
REPRESENTATION OF
OF EQUATIONS
EQUATIONS
Any equation can be represented as a graph
on the Cartesian plane, where each point on
the graph represents the x and y coordinates
of the point that satisfies the equation. An
equation can be seen as a constraint placed
on the x and y coordinates of a point, and
any point that satisfies that constraint will lie
on the curve
For example, the equation y = x, on a graph,

will be a straight line that joins all the points
which have their x coordinate equal to their
y coordinate. Example – (1,1), (2,2) and so
on.
The graph of a linear
polynomial is a
straight line. It cuts
the X-axis at exactly
one point.
The graph of a quadratic
polynomial is a parabola.
It looks like a U which
either opens upwards or
opens downwards
depending on the value
of ‘a’ in ax²+bx+c.
If ‘a’ is positive, then
parabola opens upwards
and if ‘a’ is negative
then it opens downwards
It can cut the x-axis at 0,
1 or two points
ZEROES
ZEROES OF
OF A
A POLYNOMIAL
POLYNOMIAL
A zero of a polynomial p(x) is the value of x for which the
value of p(x) is 0. If k is a zero of p(x), then p(k)=0.
For example, consider a polynomial p(x)=x2−3x+2.
When x=1, the value of p(x) will be equal to
p(1)=12−3×1+2
=1−3+2
=0
Since p(x)=0 at x=1, we say that 1 is a zero of the polynomial

x2−3x+2
Graphical
Graphical Meaning
Meaning of
of zeroes
zeroes of
of aa
Polynmomial
Polynmomial
Graphically, zeros of a polynomial are the points where its graph
cuts the x-axis.
(i) One zero (ii) Two zeros (iii) Three zeros

Here A, B and C correspond to the zeros of the polynomial represented by the graphs.
Number
Number of
of zeroes
zeroes
In general, a polynomial of degree n has

at most n zeros.
A linear polynomial has one zero,

A quadratic polynomial has at most two
zeros.
A cubic polynomial has at most 3 zeros.
Factorization
Factorization of
of Polynomials
Polynomials
Quadratic polynomials can be factorized by splitting the middle term.
For example, consider the polynomial 2x²−5x+3
Splitting the middle term : The middle term in the polynomial 2x²−5x+3 is -5x. This
must be expressed as a sum of two terms such that the product of their coefficients
is equal to the product of 2 and 3 (coefficient of x² and the constant term)
−5 can be expressed as (−2)+(−3), as −2×−3=6=2×3

2x²−5x+3 = 2x²−2x−3x+3
Now, identify the common factors in individual groups
2x²−2x−3x+3=2x(x−1)−3(x−1)
Taking (x−1) as the common factor, this can be expressed as:
2x(x−1)−3(x−1)=(x−1)(2x−3)
Relation
Relation Between
Between Zeros
Zeros and
and Coefficient
Coefficient of
of aa
Polynomial
Polynomial
A real number say “a” is a zero of a polynomial P(x) if P(a) = 0. The zero
of a polynomial is clearly explained using the Factor theorem. If “k” is a
zero of a polynomial P(x), then (x-k) is a factor of a given polynomial.
The linear polynomial is an expression, in which the degree of the polynomial
is 1. The linear polynomial should be in the form of ax+b. Here, “x” is a
variable, “a” and “b” are constant.
The Quadratic polynomial is defined as a polynomial with the highest

degree of 2. The quadratic polynomial should be in the form of ax 2 +
bx + c. In this case, a ≠ 0.
The cubic polynomial is a polynomial with the highest

degree of 3. The cubic polynomial should be in the form of
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a ≠ 0. Let say α, β, and γ are the
three zeros of a polynomial, then
Zeroes (α, β, γ) follow the rules of algebraic

identities, i.e.,
(α + β)² = α² + β² + 2αβ
∴(α² + β²) = (α + β)² – 2αβ
Zeros
Zeros of
of aa Polynomial
Polynomial Solved
Solved Examples
Examples
Division
Division Algorithm
Algorithm
To divide one polynomial by another, follow the steps given below.
Step 1: arrange the terms of the dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order of their
degrees.
Step 2: To obtain the first term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of the
dividend by the highest degree term of the divisor Then carry out the division process.
Step 3: The remainder from the previous division becomes the dividend for the next
step. Repeat this process until the degree of the remainder is less than the degree of
the divisor.
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x) ≠ 0, then
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
Dividend = Divisor x Quotient + Remainder
If r (x) = 0, then g (x) is a factor of p (x).

If r (x) ≠ 0, then we can subtract r (x) from p (x) and then the new polynomial formed is
a factor of g(x) and q(x).
Algebraic
Algebraic Identities
Identities
Thank You!!
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Polynomials

Polynomials are algebraic expressions that consist of

Example: Find the degree of the

Solution: The degree of the

The terms of polynomials are the parts of the

These polynomials can be combined using addition, subtraction,

For example, the equation y = x, on a graph,

Since p(x)=0 at x=1, we say that 1 is a zero of the polynomial

(i) One zero (ii) Two zeros (iii) Three zeros

In general, a polynomial of degree n has

A linear polynomial has one zero,

−5 can be expressed as (−2)+(−3), as −2×−3=6=2×3

Now, identify the common factors in individual groups

The Quadratic polynomial is defined as a polynomial with the highest

The cubic polynomial is a polynomial with the highest

Zeroes (α, β, γ) follow the rules of algebraic

If r (x) = 0, then g (x) is a factor of p (x).

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