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    CHAPTER 5 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS

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    Teratak Biru

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    CHAPTER 5 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS

    Uploaded by

    Teratak Biru
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    3 views38 pages

    CHAPTER 5 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS

    Uploaded by

    Teratak Biru

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 38

    CHAPTER 5

    Oxidation and Reduction


    Reactions
    Definition of Oxidation and
    Reduction
    • Oxidation and reduction can be defined based on:
    • Transfer of hydrogen
    • Transfer of oxygen
    • Transfer of electrons
    • Change in oxidation number
    Oxidation and reduction in terms of
    hydrogen transfer
    • Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen.
    • Reduction is the gain of hydrogen.
    Oxidation and reduction in terms of
    oxygen transfer
    • The terms oxidation and reduction can be defined in terms
    of the adding or removing oxygen to a compound.
    • Oxidation is the gain of oxygen.
    • Reduction is the loss of oxygen.

    • Because both reduction and oxidation are occurring


    simultaneously, this is known as a redox reaction.
    Reducing and Oxidizing Agent
    • An oxidizing agent is substance which oxidizes something
    else.
    • Oxidizing agents add oxygen to another substance or remove
    hydrogen from it.

    • In the above example, the iron (III) oxide is the oxidizing agent.
    • A reducing agent reduces something else.
    • Reducing agents remove oxygen from another substance or add
    hydrogen to it.

    • The carbon monoxide is the reducing agent.


    Oxidation and reduction in terms of
    electron transfer
    • Electrons are transferred between reactants.
    • Oxidation and reduction always occur simultaneously.
    • The substance losing electrons is oxidized, while the substance
    gaining electrons is reduced.
    • Example:

    • In the above reaction, magnesium reduces the copper (II) ion by


    transferring electrons to the ion and neutralizing its charge.
    Therefore, magnesium is a reducing agent.
    • Another way of putting this is that the copper (II) ion is removing
    electrons from the magnesium to create a magnesium ion. The
    copper (II) ion is acting as an oxidizing agent.
    Oxidation and reduction in terms of
    change in oxidation number
    • A raise of oxidation state is an oxidation
    2H2C2O4 + O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O
    •The element C is oxidized, because its oxidation state changes from
    +3 to +4 in the reaction.

    • A lower of oxidation state is a reduction


    MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O
    •The oxidation of Mn goes from +7 to +2. Thus, Mn is reduced.
    Example
    Example
    Reducing and Oxidizing Agent
    • Where there is oxidation there is always reduction

    Oxidizing agent Reducing agent


    Is itself reduced Is itself oxidized
    Gains electrons Loses electrons
    Causes oxidation Causes reduction
    Exercise
    For the following reaction find the element oxidized and the
    element reduced

    Cl2 + KBr  KCl + Br2


    Answer
    Cl2 + KBr  KCl + Br2
    0 +1-1 +1-1 0
    Br increases from –1 to 0 -- oxidized
    Cl decreases from 0 to –1 -- Reduced
    Oxidation number
    • An “oxidation number” is a positive or negative number
    assigned to an atom to indicate its degree of oxidation or
    reduction.
    Oxidation State Rules
    • To effectively assign oxidation states to a compound, the
    seven basic rules must be followed in order.
    • Remember to use the rule that comes first if two rules conflict
    with each other. These rules hold true for most compounds.
    • RULE 1: Any individual atom uncombined with other elements
    has the oxidation state of 0 (zero).
    • RULE 2: The total sum of the oxidation state of all atoms in
    any given species is equal to the net charge on that species.
    • In neutral species, the total sum of the oxidation state of all atoms is
    0.
    • In ions, the total sum of the oxidation state is the charge of the ion.
    • RULE 3: In a compound, the Oxidation state for Group 1(1A)
    metal is +1 and for Group 2(2A) metal, the oxidation state is +2.
    • RULE 4: The oxidation state of FLOURINE is -1 in a compound.
    • RULE 5: The oxidation state of HYDROGEN is +1 in a
    compound.
    • RULE 6: The oxidation state of OXYGEN is -2 in a compound.
    • RULE 7: In two-element compounds with metals, Group 15(3A)
    elements have the oxidation state of -3, Group 16(6A) elements
    have the oxidation state of -2, and Group 17(7A) elements have
    the oxidation state of -1.
    • Ex.) In MgBr2, Br has the oxidation state of -1, since it is a Group 17
    element. In Li2S, S has the oxidation state of -2, since it is a Group 16.
    Example
    • Assign oxidation number for each atom in the following
    molecules or polyatomic ions.
    1.NO2 N = +4; O = -2
    2.N2O5 N = +5; O = -2
    3.HClO3 H = +1; Cl = +5; O = -2
    4.Ca(NO3)2 Ca = +2; N = +5; O = -2
    5.CO32- C = +4; O = -2
    Exercises
    • Assign oxidation number for each atom in the following
    molecules or polyatomic ions.
    1.KMnO4
    2.Fe(OH)3
    3.K2Cr2O7
    4.K3Fe(CN)6
    5.CN-
    Half reaction
    • A half reaction is either the oxidation or reduction reaction
    component of a redox reaction.
    • A half reaction is obtained by considering the change
    in oxidation states of individual substances involved in the
    redox reaction.
    • Half-reactions are often used as a method of balancing
    redox reactions.
    Writing half reaction
    Half Reactions Show:
    • Element being oxidized or reduced.
    • Change in charge
    • # of electrons being lost or gained
    Example
    Example
    Balancing Oxidation-Reduction
    Reactions:
    1. Assign oxidation numbers to every atom in the reaction.

    Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2

    Oxygen, in a compound or ion, is -2


    Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2

    -14 -8 -4

    Use the combined ‘charges’ of the oxygens in


    each ion or compound to determine the
    oxidation number of Cr or C.
    Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2

    +12 -14 +6 -8 +3 +4 -4

    The sum of the oxidation numbers of the other


    element must add up to the charge on the ion
    or molecule.
    Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2

    +12/2=+6 +6/2=+3 +3 +4

    Divide the sum of the charges by the number


    of atoms to get the oxidation number for
    chromium and carbon in the reactants.
    2. Write ‘bare bones’ half reactions.
    Include only the atom, ion or element that changes
    oxidation number.
    Cr+6 + 3e-  Cr+3
    C+3  C+4 + 1e-
    Remember that each half reaction must also be balanced
    for charge. The total charges on the left must equal the
    total charges on the right.
    3. Take into account any subscripts in the formulas of
    reactants and products, and multiply the half reactions
    accordingly.
    Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2

    2[Cr+6 + 3e-  Cr+3]


    2[C+3  C+4 + 1e-]

    Cr2O72- + C2O42-  Cr3+ + CO2

    2Cr+6 + 6e-  2 Cr+3


    2C+3  2 C+4 + 2e-
    4. Multiply each half reaction by the appropriate factor so
    that the number of electrons lost = number of electrons
    gained.
    1[2Cr+6 + 6e-  2 Cr+3]
    3[2C+3  2 C+4 + 2e-]

    2Cr+6 + 6e-  2 Cr+3


    6C+3  6 C+4 + 6e-
    4. Add the two half reactions together.

    2Cr+6 + 6e-  2 Cr+3


    6C+3  6 C+4 + 6e-
    2Cr+6 + 6C+3  2 Cr+3 + 6 C+4
    At this point, the electrons lost = the electrons gained
    during the reaction.
    5. You now have the number of each atom that
    undergoes oxidation or reduction in the
    balanced equation. Take any subscripts into
    account when inserting coefficients.

    2Cr+6 + 6C+3  2 Cr+3 + 6 C+4

    Cr2O72- + 3C2O42- 2Cr3+ + 6CO2


    6. Balance the reaction for charge, using OH- (if in base)
    or H+ (if in acid).

    The equation below takes place in acid:


    Cr2O72- + 3C2O42- 2Cr3+ + 6CO2

    Charges: -2 + -6 = -8 (left)  +6 (right)

    Since the reaction takes place in acid, you need to add


    14 H+ to the left side so that the charges become
    equal.
    14 H+ + Cr2O72- + 3C2O42- 2Cr3+ + 6CO2

    Charges on left = +6 = Charges on right


    7. Balance for H and O by adding water to the
    appropriate side of the reaction.

    14 H+ + Cr2O72- + 3C2O42- 2Cr3+ + 6CO2 + 7 H2O


    Exercises
    • Balance the following equation in acidic condition.
    Fe2+ + MnO4-  Mn2+ +Fe3+

    • Balance the following equation in basic condition.


    Br2  BrO3- + Br-

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